Whole Brain Emulation or WBE is a proposed technique which involves transferring the information contained within a brain onto a computing substrate. The brain can then be simulated, creating a machine intelligence. The concept is often discussed in context of scanning the brain of a person, known as Mind Uploading.

WBE is sometimes seen as an easy way to creating intelligent computers, as the only innovations necessary are greatly increased processor speed and scanning resolution. Advocates of WBE claim technological improvement rates such as Moore’s law will make WBE inevitable.

The exact level of detail required for an accurate simulation of a brain’s mind is presently uncertain, and will determine the difficulty of creating WBE. The feasibility of such a project has been examined in detail in Future of Humanity Institute’s Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap. The Roadmap concluded that a human brain emulation would be possible before mid-century, providing that current technology trends kept up and providing that there would be sufficient investments.

Several approaches for WBE have been suggested:

• A brain could be cut into small slices, which would then be scanned into a computer.¹

• Brain-computer interfaces could slowly replace portions of the brain with computers and allow the mind to grow onto a computing substrate.²³

• Resources such as personality tests and a person’s writings could be used to construct a model of the person.⁴

A digitally emulated brain could have several advantages over a biological one⁵. It might be able to run faster than biological brains, copy itself, and take advantage of backups while experimenting with self-modification.

Whole brain emulation will also create a number of ethical challenges relating to the nature of personhood, rights, and social inequality. Robin Hanson proposes that an uploaded mind might copy itself to work until the cost of running a copy was that of its labour, vastly increasing the amount of wealth in the world but also causing mass unemployment⁶. The ability to copy uploads could also lead to drastic changes in society’s values, with the values of the uploads that got copied the most coming to dominate.

An emulated-brain populated world could hold severe negative consequences, such as:

• Inherent inability to have consciousness, if some philosophers are right ^{7 8 9 10}.

• Elimination of culture in general, due to an extremely increasing penalty for inefficiency in the form of flamboyant displays ¹¹

• Near zero costs for reproduction, pushing most of emulations to live in a subsistence state. ¹²

See Also

• Economic consequences of AI and whole brain emulation

• Emulation argument for human-level AI

• Simulation hypothesis

• Neuromorphic AI

External Links

• The Singularity is near: When humans transcend biology by Ray Kurzweil

• Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap. Report by The Future of Humanity Institute.

• Hans Moravec’s Estimation of Human Brain Processing Capacity

• A world survey of artificial brain projects, Part I: Large-scale brain simulations by Hugo de Garis, Chen Shuo, Ben Goertzel and, Lian Ruiting, 2010

• If Uploads Come First: The crack of a future dawn by Robin Hanson

• Whole Brain Emulation and the Evolution of Superorganisms

• International Journal of Machine Consciousness Special Issue on Mind Uploading

• A framework for approaches to transfer of a mind’s substrate by Sim Bamford

• Coalescing Minds: Brain Uploading-related Group Mind Scenarios by Kaj Sotala and Harri Valpola

References

1. Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap↩

2. Strout, J. Uploading by the Nanoreplacement Procedure. http://​​www.ibiblio.org/​​jstrout/​​uploading/​​nanoreplacement.html↩

3. Sotala, K., & Valpola, H. (2012). Coalescing minds: brain uploading-related group mind scenarios. International Journal of Machine Consciousness, 4(01), 293-312. http://​​singularity.org/​​files/​​CoalescingMinds.pdf↩

4. ROTHBLATT, M. (2012). THE TERASEM MIND UPLOADING EXPERIMENT. International Journal of Machine Consciousness, 4(01), 141-158. http://​​www.terasemcentral.org/​​docs/​​Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf↩

5. Sotala, K. (2012). Advantages of artificial intelligences, uploads, and digital minds. International Journal of Machine Consciousness, 4(01), 275-291. http://​​singularity.org/​​files/​​AdvantagesOfAIs.pdf↩

6. Hanson, R. (1994). If uploads come first. Extropy, 6(2), 10-15. http://​​hanson.gmu.edu/​​uploads.html↩

7. LUCAS, John. (1961) Minds, machines, and Gödel, Philosophy, 36, pp. 112–127↩

8. DREYFUS, H. (1972) What Computers Can’t Do, New York: Harper & Row.↩

9. PENROSE, Roger (1994) Shadows of the Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press.↩

10. BLOCK, Ned (1981) Psychologism and behaviorism, Philosophical Review, 90, pp. 5–43.↩

11. BOSTROM, Nick.(2004) “The future of human evolution”. Death and Anti‐Death: Two Hundred Years After Kant, Fifty Years After Turing, ed. Charles Tandy (Ria University Press: Palo Alto, California, 2004): pp. 339‐371. Available at: http://​​www.nickbostrom.com/​​fut/​​evolution.pdf↩