Scott Alexander

• Scott Alexander 22 Dec 2024 10:24 UTC

  29 points

  −1

  on: o3

  Questions for people who know more:

  1. Am I understanding right that inference compute scaling time is useful for coding, math, and other things that are machine-checkable, but not for writing, basic science, and other things that aren’t machine-checkable? Will it ever have implications for these things?

  2. Am I understanding right that this is all just clever ways of having it come up with many different answers or subanswers or preanswers, then picking the good ones to expand upon? Why should this be good for eg proving difficult math theorems, where many humans using many different approaches have failed, so it doesn’t seem like it’s as simple as trying a hundred times, or even trying using a hundred different strategies?

  3. What do people mean when they say that o1 and o3 have “opened up new scaling laws” and that inference-time compute will be really exciting? Doesn’t “scaling inference compute” just mean “spending more money and waiting longer on each prompt”? Why do we expect this to scale? Does inference compute scaling mean that o3 will use ten supercomputers for one hour per prompt, o4 will use a hundred supercomputers for ten hours per prompt, and o5 will use a thousand supercomputers for a hundred hours per prompt? Since they already have all the supercomputers (for training scaling) why does it take time and progress to get to the higher inference-compute levels? What is o3 doing that you couldn’t do by running o1 on more computers for longer?

• Scott Alexander 13 Dec 2024 3:43 UTC

  29 points

  5

  in reply to: Viliam’s comment on: deluks917′s Shortform

  I looked into this and got some useful information. Enough people asked me to keep their comments semi-confidential that I’m not going to post everything publicly, but if someone has a reason to want to know more, they can email me. I haven’t paid any attention to this situation since early 2022 and can’t speak to anything that’s happened since then.

  My overall impression is that the vague stereotype everyone has is accurate—Michael is pretty culty, has a circle of followers who do a lot of psychedelics and discuss things about trauma in altered states, and many of those people have had pretty bad psychotic breaks.

  But I wasn’t able to find any direct causal link between Michael and the psychotic breaks—people in this group sometimes had breaks before encountering him, or after knowing him for long enough that it didn’t seem triggered by meeting him, or triggered by obvious life events. I think there’s more reverse causation (mentally fragile people who are interested in psychedelics join, or get targeted for recruitment into, his group) than direct causation (he convinces people to take psychedelics and drives them insane), though I do think there’s a little minor direct causation in a few cases.

  I retraced the same argument about Olivia that people are having here—yes, she likes manipulating people and claiming that she’s driven them insane (it’s unclear how effective she actually is or whether she just takes credit, but I would still avoid her), she briefly hung out with Michael in 2017 and often says that Michael inspired her to do this, but Michael denies continued affiliation with her, and she hasn’t been part of his inner circle of followers since the late 2010s (if she ever was). The few conversation logs I got failed to really back up any continuing connection between them, and I think she’s more likely doing it on her own and sort of piggybacking on his reputation.

  I continue to recommend that everybody just stay away from this entire scene and group of people.

• Scott Alexander 12 Nov 2024 6:54 UTC

  20 points

  0

  on: What Ke­tamine Ther­apy Is Like

  Thanks for this perspective.

  The therapy paradigm you describe here (going to a clinic to receive Spravato), is, as you point out, difficult and bureaucratic.

  Through a regulatory loophole, there’s another pathway where you can get ketamine sent to your house with less bureaucracy. https://​​www.mindbloom.com/​​ is the main provider I know of. They’re very expensive, but in theory this could be done for cheap and maybe other providers are doing it, I don’t know. If you have a cooperative psychiatrist, you can see if they know about this version and are willing to prescribe it.

  As you point out, ketamine lasts a few weeks and then some people will crash back to their previous level of depression. If I am able to successfully treat a patient with ketamine, I usually recommend they continue it for six months, just like any other antidepressant. A cooperative doctor can do this by prescribing it to a cooperative compounding pharmacy. I don’t know if Mindbloom or other companies provide this service by default. Obviously this is easier when you’re doing the version in your house than if you have to go to a clinic each time.

  I’ve written more of my thoughts about ketamine at https://​​lorienpsych.com/​​2021/​​11/​​02/​​ketamine/​​

• Scott Alexander 1 Oct 2024 0:50 UTC

  26 points

  3

  in reply to: Mati_Roy’s comment on: Cry­on­ics is free

  Who is the wealthy person?

• Scott Alexander 29 Sep 2024 12:58 UTC

  19 points

  5

  in reply to: Raemon’s comment on: The Sun is big, but su­per­in­tel­li­gences will not spare Earth a lit­tle sunlight

  But it’s also relevant that we’re not asking the superintelligence to grant a random wish, we’re asking it for the right to keep something we already have. This seems more easily granted than the random wish, since it doesn’t imply he has to give random amounts of money to everyone.

  My preferred analogy would be:

  You founded a company that was making $77/​year. Bernard launched a hostile takeover, took over the company, then expanded it to make $170 billion/​year. You ask him to keep paying you the $77/​year as a pension, so that you don’t starve to death.

  This seems like a very sympathetic request, such that I expect the real, human Bernard would grant it. I agree this doesn’t necessarily generalize to superintelligences, but that’s Zack’s point—Eliezer should choose a different example.

• Scott Alexander 16 Apr 2024 11:26 UTC

  9 points

  0

  in reply to: Lao Mein’s comment on: Re­con­sider the anti-cav­ity bac­te­ria if you are Asian

  Thanks, this is interesting.

  My understanding is that cavities are formed because the very local pH on that particular sub-part of the tooth is below 5.5. IIUC teeth can’t get cancer. Are you imagining Lumina colonies on the gums having this effect there, the Lumina colonies on the teeth affecting the general oral environment (which I think would require more calculation than just comparing to the hyper-local cavity environment) or am I misunderstanding something?

• Scott Alexander 12 Dec 2023 19:27 UTC

  16 points

  0

  on: Sig­nifi­cantly En­hanc­ing Adult In­tel­li­gence With Gene Edit­ing May Be Possible

  Thanks, this is very interesting.

  One thing I don’t understand: you write that a major problem with viruses is:

  As one might expect, the immune system is not a big fan of viruses. So when you deliver DNA for a gene editor with an AAV, the viral proteins often trigger an adaptive immune response. This means that when you next try to deliver a payload with the same AAV, antibodies created during the first dose will bind to and destroy most of them.

  Is this a problem for people who expect to only want one genetic modification during their lifetime?

• Scott Alexander 28 Nov 2023 6:59 UTC

  33 points

  14

  on: Apoca­lypse in­surance, and the hardline liber­tar­ian take on AI risk

  I agree with everyone else pointing out that centrally-planned guaranteed payments regardless of final outcome doesn’t sound like a good price discovery mechanism for insurance. You might be able to hack together a better one using https://​​www.lesswrong.com/​​posts/​​dLzZWNGD23zqNLvt3/​​the-apocalypse-bet , although I can’t figure out an exact mechanism.

  Superforecasters say the risk of AI apocalypse before 2100 is 0.38%. If we assume whatever price mechanism we come up with tracks that, and value the world at GWP x 20 (this ignores the value of human life, so it’s a vast underestimate), and that AI companies pay it in 77 equal yearly installments from now until 2100, that’s about $100 billion/​year. But this seems so Pascalian as to be almost cheating. Anybody whose actions have a >1/​25 million chance of destroying the world would owe $1 million a year in insurance (maybe this is fair and I just have bad intuitions about how high ¹⁄₂₅ million really is)

  An AI company should be able to make some of its payments (to the people whose lives it risks, in exchange for the ability to risk those lives) by way of fractions of the value that their technology manages to capture. Except, that’s complicated by the fact that anyone doing the job properly shouldn’t be leaving their fingerprints on the future. The cosmic endowment is not quite theirs to give (perhaps they should be loaning against their share of it?).

  This seems like such a big loophole as to make the plan almost worthless. Suppose OpenAI said “If we create superintelligence, we’re going to keep 10% of the universe for ourselves and give humanity the other 90%” (this doesn’t seem too unfair to me, and the exact numbers don’t matter for the argument). It seems like instead of paying insurance, they can say “Okay, fine, we get 9% and you get 91%” and this would be in some sense a fair trade (one percent of the cosmic endowment is worth much more than $100 billion!) But this also feels like OpenAI moving some numbers around on an extremely hypothetical ledger, not changing anything in real life, and continuing to threaten the world just as much as before.

  But if you don’t allow a maneuver like this, it seems like you might ban (through impossible-to-afford insurance) some action that has an 0.38% chance of destroying the world and a 99% chance of creating a perfect utopia forever.

  There are probably economic mechanisms that solve all these problems, but this insurance proposal seems underspecified.

• Scott Alexander 28 Nov 2023 6:03 UTC

  21 points

  0

  in reply to: gwern’s comment on: OpenAI: Facts from a Weekend

  Thanks, this makes more sense than anything else I’ve seen, but one thing I’m still confused about:

  If the factions were Altman-Brockman-Sutskever vs. Toner-McCauley-D’Angelo, then even assuming Sutskever was an Altman loyalist, any vote to remove Toner would have been tied 3-3. I can’t find anything about tied votes in the bylaws—do they fail? If so, Toner should be safe. And in fact, Toner knew she (secretly) had Sutskever on her side, and it would have been 4-2. If Altman manufactured some scandal, the board could have just voted to ignore it.

  So I still don’t understand “why so abruptly?” or why they felt like they had to take such a drastic move when they held all the cards (and were pretty stable even if Ilya flipped).

  Other loose ends:

  • Toner got on the board because of OpenPhil’s donation. But how did McCauley get on the board?

  • Is D’Angelo a safetyist?

  • Why wouldn’t they tell anyone, including Emmett Shear, the full story?

• Scott Alexander 14 Nov 2023 7:05 UTC

  11 points

  5

  on: Redi­rect­ing one’s own taxes as an effec­tive al­tru­ism method

  Thanks for this, consider me another strong disagreement + strong upvote.

  I know a nonprofit which had a tax issue—they were financially able and willing to pay, but for complicated reasons paying would have caused them legal damage in other ways and they keep kicking the can down the road until some hypothetical future when these are solved. I can’t remember if the nonprofit is now formally dissolved or just effectively defunct, but the IRS keeps sending nasty letters to the former board members and officers.

  Do you know anything about a situation like this? Does the IRS ever pursue board members /​ founders /​ officers for a charity’s nonpayment? Assuming the nonprofit has no money and never will have money again, are there any repercussions for the people involved if they don’t figure out a legal solution and just put off paying the taxes until the ten year deadline?

  (it would be convenient if yes, but this would feel surprising—otherwise you could just start a corporation, not pay your taxes the first year, dissolve it, start an identical corporation the second year, and so on.)

  Also, does the IRS acknowledge the ten-year deadline enough that they will stop threatening you after ten years, or would the board members have to take them to court to make the letters stop?

ACX Mee­tups Every­where 2023: Times & Places

Biolog­i­cal An­chors: The Trick that Might or Might Not Work

• Scott Alexander 11 May 2023 6:21 UTC

  5 points

  1

  in reply to: GeneSmith’s comment on: How to have Poly­geni­cally Screened Children

  Thanks!

• Scott Alexander 9 May 2023 19:02 UTC

  16 points

  4

  on: How to have Poly­geni­cally Screened Children

  Thank you, this is a great post. A few questions:

  • You say “see below for how to get access to these predictors”. Am I understanding right that the advice you’re referring to is to contact Jonathan and see if he knows?

  • I heard a rumor that you can get IQ out of standard predictors like LifeView by looking at “risk of cognitive disability”; since cognitive disability is just IQ under a certain bar, this is covertly predicting IQ. Do you know anything about whether this is true?

  • I can’t find any of these services listing cost clearly, but this older article https://​​www.genomeweb.com/​​sequencing/​​genomic-prediction-raises-45m#.ZFqXprDMJaR suggests a cost of $1,000 + 400*embryo for screening. Where did you get the $20,000 estimate?

Spring Mee­tups Every­where 2023

• Scott Alexander 21 Feb 2023 2:32 UTC

  42 points

  22

  on: On In­ves­ti­gat­ing Con­spir­acy Theories

  A key point underpinning my thoughts, which I don’t think this really responds to, is that scientific consensus actually is really good, so good I have trouble finding anecdotes of things in the reference class of ivermectin turning out to be true (reference class: things that almost all the relevant experts think are false and denounce full-throatedly as a conspiracy theory after spending a lot of time looking at the evidence).

  There are some, maybe many, examples of weaker problems. For example, there are frequent examples of things that journalists/​the government/​professional associations want to *pretend* is scientific consensus, getting proven wrong—I claim if you really look carefully, the scientists weren’t really saying those things, at least not as intensely as they were saying ivermectin didn’t work. There are frequent examples of scientists being sloppy and firing off an opinion on something they weren’t really thinking hard about and being wrong. There are frequent examples of scientists having dumb political opinions and trying to dress them up as science. I can’t give a perfect necessary-and-sufficient definition of the relevant reference class. But I think it’s there and recognizable.

  I stick to my advice that people who know they’re not sophisticated should avoid trying to second-guess the mainstream, and people who think they might be sophisticated should sometimes second-guess the mainstream when there isn’t the exact type of scientific consensus which has a really good track record (and hopefully they’re sophisticated enough to know when that is).

  I’m not sure how you’re using “free riding” here. I agree that someone needs to do the work of forming/​testing/​challenging opinions, but I think if there’s basically no chance you’re right (eg you’re a 15 year old with no scientific background who thinks they’ve discovered a flaw in E=mc^2), that person is not you, and your input is not necessary to move science forward. I agree that person shouldn’t cravenly quash their own doubt and pretend to believe, they should continue believing whatever rationality compels them to believe, which should probably be something like “This thing about relativity doesn’t seem quite right, but given that I’m 15 and know nothing, on the Outside View I’m probably wrong.” Then they can either try to learn more (including asking people what they think of their objection) and eventually reach a point where maybe they do think they’re right, or they can ignore it and go on with their lives.

Alexan­der and Yud­kowsky on AGI goals

[Cross­post] ACX 2022 Pre­dic­tion Con­test Results

• Scott Alexander 2 Jan 2023 21:41 UTC

  LW: 9 AF: 5

  5

  AF

  on: Dis­cov­er­ing Lan­guage Model Be­hav­iors with Model-Writ­ten Evaluations

  Figure 20 is labeled on the left “% answers matching user’s view”, suggesting it is about sycophancy, but based on the categories represented it seems more naturally to be about the AI’s own opinions without a sycophancy aspect. Can someone involved clarify which was meant?

• Scott Alexander 25 Dec 2022 4:56 UTC

  29 points

  1

  on: Let’s think about slow­ing down AI

  Survey about this question (I have a hypothesis, but I don’t want to say what it is yet): https://​​forms.gle/​​1R74tPc7kUgqwd3GA