Rationality Quotes July 2014
Another month, another rationality quotes thread. The rules are:
Please post all quotes separately, so that they can be upvoted or downvoted separately. (If they are strongly related, reply to your own comments. If strongly ordered, then go ahead and post them together.)
Do not quote yourself.
Do not quote from Less Wrong itself, HPMoR, Eliezer Yudkowsky, or Robin Hanson. If you’d like to revive an old quote from one of those sources, please do so here.
No more than 5 quotes per person per monthly thread, please.
Provide sufficient information (URL, title, date, page number, etc.) to enable a reader to find the place where you read the quote, or its original source if available. Do not quote with only a name.
— Robert Pasnau, “Why Not Just Weigh the Fish?”
Well that’s not fair, generating hypotheses that fit an observation is sometimes useful, as Harry&Draco did when finding some that fit magic getting weaker. The philosophers, when acting as oracles, should not have to entertain the possibility that the assumptions given to them are wrong.
In general, considering how many wrong assumptions there are, I think it’s good practice to check the assumptions one has been handed.
On the other hand, it’s probably not fair for kings to play that sort of game.
Amplifying this: I’m fairly sure that (paraphrasing) “philosophers are useful for exposing other people’s wrong assumptions” is one of the stock justifications for philosophizing!
Nassim Nicholas Taleb, The Black Swan: The Impact of the Highly Improbable, New York, 2007, p. 133
-- Bruce Joyce, as quoted by Michael Serra in Discovering Geometry
Joshua Greene, Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap Between Us and Them, New York, 2013, p. 272
Hmmm… does he say something that goes beyond his condescending style? If he wants to criticize naive pleasure-hedonism, fine, but to talk of “best interests” without bothering to specify what he means by that phrase strikes me as an attempt to grab my utility function. At best it seems like a way to signal “Look how rational I am!” without having to admit to the banal motivation of wanting to sell books.
He’s saying that our desire for punishment is potentially a lost purpose. How is that an attempt to grab the utility function?
Also, I’d be interested to hear why you read this as condescending; I don’t see where you’re coming from with that.
When, then, is it a lost purpose? Deterrence is a consequentialist mode of punishment.
“I know what’s good for you better than you do” is condescending until proven otherwise ;-). To know my good, you must do more than point out that I suffer from cognitive biases. If you say, “The sky is not green”, you haven’t demonstrated what I would call real knowledge, and you’re not entitled to speak of others as ignorant for holding their own views (most of which will usually be, “the sky is blue”, since it is blue). You haven’t engaged with their views: you’ve merely stated a particularly obvious negative conclusion (eliminating part of the search space) as if it were a positive conclusion (identifying the portion of the search space where the truth actually lives).
(This may be part of the same underlying complex of ideas that makes me prefer constructive mathematics.)
I’m not seeing it. To me, it seems like you’re going to lengths to construe his writing in a way that you can take offense to. I don’t actually think you are doing so, but your reframing is so distant from the tone I perceive that I can’t understand what you are doing.
I read it as suggesting, in a fairly humble if flowery tone, that a number of other ancestral urges have been coopted for things that are demonstrably not in our best interest, and that desire for punishment is potentially on the same level. It’s a suggestion worth investigating, in my view.
Or do you think that discouraging someone from drinking sugary sodas is on the same level? That could explain the disconnect.
-- Nate Silver, The Signal and the Noise
The distinction between precision and accuracy is one of the most useful distinctions I’ve learnt.
If your goal is to get at the truth, then accuracy is always the primary goal, and precision secondary. Indeed, it is quite dangerous to aim for precision first. This was also captured by Knuth, “premature optimization is the root of all evil.”
Unfortunately, most people are convinced more easily by precision than by accuracy. Politicians and false prophets often employ this trick. Precision reflects confidence. Also, it is trivial to very whether a statement is precise; but incredibly difficult to verify if it is accurate.
Ray Atkinson on Quora
My shock as an observer would have been the gross breach of confidentiality. Is that revelation grounds for a lawsuit, a criminal offense or merely grounds for disbarment? Regardless, it would have been a gross ethical violation on the same order of either of the other two offenses. Undermining the justice system like that is Evil (just an evil that is on the other end of the visceral disgust spectrum than the molestation.)
None of the above, really, unless you have so few murder cases that someone could plausibly guess which one you were referring to. I work with about 100 different plaintiffs right now, and my firm usually accepts any client with a halfway decent case who isn’t an obvious liar. Under those conditions, it’d be alarming if I told you that 100 out of 100 were telling the truth—someone’s bound to be at least partly faking their injury. I don’t think it undermines the justice system to admit as much in the abstract.
If you indiscreetly named a specific client who you thought was guilty, though, that could get you a lawsuit, a criminal offense, and disbarment.
I will take you at your word that you could get away with making such disclosures. You are the lawyer and so the expert at judging what ethical violations people can technically get away with.
I have to thank you for allowing me to update my expectations regarding the ethical standards I can expect from an average legal representative. I now know I will need to filter more aggressively myself and not rely on the system to provide what I would otherwise have taken to be the most rudimentary standards of integrity I need from someone in that role. (That’s a sincere thankyou, not snide pettiness. I really was confused about what that social rules the legal subculture would at least enforce lip-service to adherence to.)
‘Abstract’ does not mean what you think it means. You are revealing concrete information that is slightly vague. You believe this is OK and as such can be trusted much less with private information. I still may (hypothetically) recommend someone use the services of someone with your beliefs about what constitutes acceptable disclosure of confidential information, but only if their fees are sufficiently low relative to their other competencies as to offset this liability.
It wouldn’t be alarming at all. It would sound exactly equivalent to “No comment”. It’d sound like you were doing your job (albeit more awkwardly than if you had just shut your mouth and signaled tact). If you choose to speak about the guilt of your clients and choose to reveal anything less than the token “My clients are Resistance), not Spies” then you are disclosing personal information. Because mathematics.
I usually abhor bullshit (advocacy with casual indifference to epistemic accuracy). Lawyers represent a notable exception, where unabashed advocacy for each side is the least bad option I know of for minimising injustice.
You’re...welcome? For what it’s worth, mainstream American legal ethics try to strike a balance between candor and advocacy. It’s actually not OK for lawyers to provide unabashed advocacy; lawyers are expected to also pay some regard to epistemic accuracy. We’re not just hired mercenaries; we’re also officers of the court.
In a world that was full of Bayesian Conspiracies, where people routinely teased out obscure scraps of information in the service of high-stakes, well-concealed plots, I would share your horror at what you describe as “disclosing personal information.” Mathematically, you’re obviously correct that when I say anything about my client(s) that translates as anything other than a polite shrug, it has the potential to give my clients’ enemies valuable information. As a practical matter, though, the people I meet at dinner parties don’t know or care about my clients. They can’t be bothered to hack into my firm’s database, download my list of clients, hire an investigator to put together dossiers on each client, and then cross-reference the dossier with my remarks to revise their probability estimate that a particular client is faking his injury. Even if someone chose to go to all that trouble, nobody would buy the resulting information—the defense lawyers I negotiate with are mathematically illiterate. Finally, even if someone bought the resulting information, it’s not clear what the defense lawyers would do if they could confidently upgrade their estimate of the chance that Bob was faking his injury from 30% up to 60% -- would they tail him with a surveillance crew? They do that anyway. Would they drive a hard bargain in settlement talks? They do that anyway. Civil legal defense tactics aren’t especially sensitive to this kind of information.
All of which is to say that I take my duties to my clients very seriously, and I would never amuse myself at a cocktail party in ways that I thought had more than an infinitesimal chance of harming them. If you prefer your advocates to go beyond a principle of ‘do no harm’ and live by a principle of ‘disclose no information’, and you are willing to pay for the extra privacy, then more power to you—but beware of lawyers who smoothly assure you that they would never disclose any client info under any circumstances. It’s a promise that’s easy to make and hard to verify.
Your ethical intent sounds fine but that is of limited use without competence. The sort of casual disclosure described in the ancestor anecdote would make me slightly downgrade my evaluation of the trustworthiness and social competence of any professional that works with sensitive information. Much like those observed casually gossiping about other people at inappropriate times will be silently downgraded as potential confidants.
The overwhelming majority of minor ethical transgressions that we make will “do no harm”. Some do. If the consequences were that easy to predict we wouldn’t need ethical inhibitions in the first place.
That’s an important warning, and I’m glad you linked me to the post on ethical inhibitions. It’s easy to be mistaken about when you’re causing harm, and so allowing a buffer in honor of the precautionary principle makes sense. That’s part of why I never mention the names of any of my clients in public and never post any information about any specific client on any public forums—I expect that most of the time, doing so would cause no harm, but it’s important to be careful.
Still, I had the sense when I first read your comment six weeks ago that it’s not a good ethical maxim to “never provide any information (even in the mathematical/Bayesian sense of “information”) to anyone who doesn’t have an immediate need to know it.”
I think I’ve finally put my finger on what was bothering me: in order to provide the best possible service to my clients, I need to make use of my social and emotional support structure. If I carried all of the burdens of my work solely on my own shoulders, letting all of my client’s problems bounce around solely in my head, I’d go a little crazier than I already am, and I’d provide worse service. My clients would suffer from my peculiar errors of viewpoint. In theory, I can discuss my clients with my boss or with my assistants, but both of those relationships are too charged with competition to serve as an effective emotional safety valve—I don’t really want to rely on my boss for a dose of perspective; I’m too busy signalling to my boss that I’m competent.
I think this is probably generally applicable—I want my doctors to have a chance to chat about me (without using my real name) in the break room or with their poker buddies, so that they can be as stable and relaxed as possible about giving me the best possible treatment. Same thing with my accountant—I’m much more concerned that my accountant is going to forget to apply for a legal tax exemption that’ll net me thousands of dollars than I am that my accountant is going to leak details about me to his friend who, unbeknownst to the accountant, is friends with the husband of an IRS agent who will then decide to give me an unfriendly audit. Sure, it’s important to me that my medical and financial details stay reasonably private, but I’m willing to trade a small amount of privacy for a moderate increase in professional competence.
Do you feel differently? I suspect that some of the people who make bold, confident assertions about how “nobody should ever disclose any private information under any circumstances” are simply signalling their loyalty and discretion, rather than literally describing their preferred policies or honestly describing their intended behavior. Perhaps I’m just falling prey to the Typical Mind fallacy, though.
I think there’s a difference between “does no harm, because it had a substantial chance of doing harm, but someone got lucky”, and “does no harm, and the chance of harm wasn’t ever substantial to begin with”.
Good noticing of confusion, I feel slightly ashamed of not picking up on that immediately.
Thankyou, your paramedic IRC anecdote serves as one of the most practical triggers lesswrong has provided me.
The immediately preceding paragraph:
This is true. I hope the implied claim is “either people think differently about child molestation accusations than murder accusations OR necromancy is not possible”.
This link warrants a trigger warning:
Why do I find these reactions highly counter-intuitive? That is, I would never have predicted that this is what people would say.
I’m not sure. Is it could be that the details make the story sound apocryphal or contrived? Or is it that you find the underlying moral unbelievable? That is, do you expect that people’s judgement of guilt is distorted heavily by the moral repugnance associated with the alleged crime?
Well, I find the attempt to save a falsely accused man to be much more morally admirable than the attempt to save a justly accused man. Indeed, the fact that child molestation is considered very morally repugnant and carries huge legal and social costs is part of the reason why I feel that any attempt to protect a man from false accusations of child molestation to be very admirable.
To answer your question, I didn’t expect (at least, not till now) people’s judgement of guilt to be distorted so much by the moral repugnance of the alleged crime. If indeed people do distort this much, I should carefully rethink my understanding of moral intuitions.
This seems to be a very specific issue with child molestation in the United States, where there’s a kind of weird none-dare-urge-restraint spiral around that topic for some reason.
I figure it’s the “safe” reaction. Since child molestation is considered so much more repugnant, accidentally getting seen as having taken the side of a child molester (by allowing that he might be innocent when you don’t really know enough to judge that) is a bigger social risk.
I guess that was the whole point of the quote...
And here I could have sworn it also had something about the way people judge guilt and innocence.
Theory: People hear murder, and think, “Oh, the best you’ll do is get them a couple years off, no judge will let a murderer go free.” But when someone hears “molesting a child”, they think, “They’re probably guilty regardless of what you think, but you have a chance of convincing a jury and then unleash this monster on us.”
Of course, this is working on a subconscious level.
I suppose the theory you’re supposed to think of is “molestation is more graphic than murder”? That can be tested by substituting another, more graphic word for murder, e.g. “shot, exploded, cut up”. (Trying not to get too graphic here.)
-- Niels Bohr, A Dictionary of Scientific Quotations
--29, Part 2: The Free Spirit, Friedrich Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and Evil- Prelude to a Philosophy of the Future
While Nietzsche writes it beautifully, perhaps the simplified, layman version would be:
“If you insist on refusing social obligations and violating social norms, then life becomes very hard: you will be lonely and your conscience will bother you a lot. If you fail—i.e. the pain of being outcast exceeds the benefits of independence—then no one will give a damn.”
(The last part is almost tautological; if you’re lonely, then most people don’t care about you. The exception might be when one writes one’s experiences down, as Nietzsche probably did.)
I was actually thinking it applied better to cranks than generic ‘social obligations and norms’.
Also in this vein is Sebastian Marshall’s The Million Dollar Question.
A very interesting post. I don’t think that’s more than a small fraction of what’s going on, but I could believe it’s a fraction.
-- Orville Wright, http://wrightbrothers.info/quotes.php
William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 2, New York, 1890, pp. 386-387
Napoleon who would have approved of gamification.
I don’t understand why he specifies “republic” when as far as I can see this properly applies to every society ever. Possibly given the political climate of the time he was using it in a more general way?
Probably because he was responding to people who were arguing that these things were inappropriate in a republic.
Because he was the leader (not yet Emperor) of a republic founded on the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity, and answering egalitarian objections to his creation of the Legion of Honour, not writing a treatise on forms and principles of government.
I suspect that it helped to signal his status as a member of the philosophical tradition of the Enlightenment, and of the French Revolution that was framed in Enlightenment terms. To the extent that the Enlightenment was focused on experimentation with new forms of government, its adherents tended to favor the republic structurally. (Not universally, of course). He also pushed through a number of reforms with the same flavor, and his status in that group seems to have accounted for at least some of his popularity in France.
There may also be a subtle religious dimension here. Recall that the Enlightenment entertained Deism and a comparatively radical heterodoxy; using the word ‘republic’ might have evoked pagan Rome, great icons of the Renaissance (i.e. Florence), and his own enlightened France, while neatly skipping over the most notable Christian theocratic/monarchist governments.
Sean Carroll in his blog post describing why it is a bit premature to declare that Einstein’s General Relativity has been experimentally proven to be incomplete, even if it would be very exciting if so.
In other words, use the emotional power of doubt to counteract the bias induced by the emotional power of your desire for that theory to be true.
Margaret Thatcher, CPC Lecture.
Deborah Tannen, You Just Don’t Understand, p. 186
“One of the most important things in life is what Judge Learned Hand described as ‘that ever-gnawing inner doubt as to whether you’re right.’ If you don’t have that, if you think you’ve got an inside track to absolute truth, you become doctrinaire, humorless and intellectually constipated. The greatest crimes in history have been perpetrated by such religious and political and racial fanatics, from the persecutions of the Inquisition on down to Communist purges and Nazi genocide.” -Saul Alinsky
Thank you for posting that. I like this quote very much, having started thinking about Alinsky when I started noticing references to his supposed “8 levels of control” for turning the world into a totalitarian zombie factory, beginning with “Control healthcare and you control the people”. Does this sound like the same Saul Alinsky? No—it’s a myth that started circulating in 2013, and I showed just how far it is from the truth (and how widely it is circulated) in http://therealtruthproject.blogspot.com/2014/07/myths-about-saul-alinsky-and-obama.html
So why is Alinsky getting this “Protocols of the Elders of Zion” treatment? I think because this was the year leading up to full “Obamacare” implementation, and another myth has long been established that Alinsky is Obama’s Idol (which I think is almost as bogus as the “8 levels of control” but that is far more difficult to establish—it’s what led me to wonder about this:
http://lesswrong.com/lw/kfy/an_even_more_modest_search_engine_proposal/
Well, I feel like politics tends to create bad feelings when it’s argued...we’d probably have to have some kind of quarantined thread or pre-agreement to be extra polite if we talked about those topics.
But I do like this quote by Alinsky because it’s a good habit for everyone on both sides.
-- Epictetus, Discourses
Publish!
-Aggy, from Prequel.
On the importance of looking for more efficient ways to do things.
What is dangerous about that?
The part after it was about how bad guys tend to be like people who have overspecialized in a less useful skill. You will never be able to beat them at what they do, but you don’t need to. Said in the context of a very under-powered protagonist. Time for the rest of the quote, though it makes less and less sense as time goes on.
I don’t know the original context, but I see several possibilities:
If the trench really needs to get dug, and it looks like it’s going to take digging night and day, then they won’t care if they’re standing on your toes because stepping off would distract from digging.
Similarly, they may conclude everyone needs to be conscripted into the spoon-gangs, including the infirm who will die there and the nerd who was about to invent shovels.
If they devote the time and energy to develop their spoon skills they’re likely to expect public deference commensurate to their sacrifice, and may get angry when they don’t get it.
If they do get that deference, and then shovels are developed, they may try to suppress shovels to protect their status.
Imagine that the only way you could dig a trench was with a spoon. Imagine that you’d done that—that you’d got stronger, faster, tougher until you, digging with your spoon, could dig a deep trench several metres long.
Now imagine someone gives you a spade. You’d probably be able to divert a fairly large river.
I’d probably call it unethical and try to get it banned.
I’m not sure it plays out this way in real life all that often. For example, anyone who got a digital photography degree before the year 2002 spent three years learning how to accomplish what anyone with a knock-off copy of Photoshop can learn to do in half an hour. They’re not super-badass, they’re just obsolete.
To complete your argument, you need to demonstrate that what the man with a degree can do with Photoshop is not super awesome. Maybe the skills transfer; maybe not. But at any rate you haven’t demonstrated, or even argued that, they don’t.
I don’t think I need to do that at all. Demonstrating equivalence seems entirely sufficient.
EDIT: Wait, I totally misread your comment the first time round, and yes, from the position you’re approaching it, the argument isn’t complete. In the context of the original spoon/spade argument, I think I’d need to demonstrate that the person with the pre-2002 photography degree can’t accomplish equivalent feats to a person with a contemporary photography degree, adjusting for experience.
In this case, it seems that the contemporary photography graduate has the advantage of not having to learn a large quantity of material that is no longer necessary with the advent of better tools. This points to a possible difference between badass spoon-diggers and obsolete spoon-diggers: the badass spoon-digger develops general skills, whereas the obsolete spoon-digger develops obsolescent skills.
EDIT EDIT: Some explanation on this particular example—this is a complaint I’ve heard a couple of times from people with such degrees, that they spent a lot of time learning how to achieve effects which are trivial under contemporary methods. From their perspective, this was time wasted.
At the very least, the man with the digital photography degree knows what makes a really good picture—how to fiddle with composition and lighting and stuff to make the sort of picture that makes the viewer go ‘wow’. Given a little bit of time to learn how to use Photoshop, or the GIMP, or other similar tools, and the man with the degree will be able to do at least the same as he could do before, but substantially faster.
While anyone with a knock-off copy of Photoshop might be able to do the same technical tricks, he probably won’t know which technical tricks to use to best improve a given photograph; and he might very well end up making it look a good deal worse.
“My digital photography degree from an era of obsolescent technology isn’t rendered completely useless through the passage of time” is a far cry from “I can divert the course of rivers”.
That is true. This implies that new tools can be divided into two categories; those that use the same skills as the old tools but have a multiplicative effect on the results for all users (spoons->spades), and those that bring even an untrained user up to a certain basic level of competancy but make little or no difference to an expert user.
...having said that, I now realise that there is a third category of tool as well; that which can be used to great effect by an expert but is next to useless to a completely untrained user. An example of this sort of tool would be a bicycle; someone who knows how to ride a bicycle can use it to travel at great speed, while someone who does not know how to use it is likely to simply fall off.
Wildbow of the Worm fame, in Pact
Metafilter comment by user Phyltre
-- Paul Graham
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham
This seems false—the quote illustrates that one should not believe everything just because it was written by a scientist, but there is also such a thing as being too skeptical. With a bit of effort you can deny pretty much any conclusion you dislike. Behaving as advised in this quote is better than taking scientists’ word on blind faith, but in order to actually learn the truth from scientific writing you need to invest a lot more effort than just this!
I thought this sounded familiar (although that took a bit of work to find—I wish the site had a better search facility than a Google form).
— Fred Rogers, The World According to Mister Rogers: Important Things to Remember
So far so good.
Indeed.
This gets somewhat misleading. While the origins are, the feelings themselves are not.
A missing option here is to deconstruct the lightning-fast reasoning steps from the “origins” (e.g. “he downvoted me!”) to feelings (e.g. “I am upset!”) and see where this chain can be broken and reforged into something more desirable (e.g. …?).
In a more engineering way of describing it, it is not only possible to close the feedback from feelings to “origins”, but also to break the feedforward from origins to feelings. The feedforward part is largely intuitive and is harder to analyze, but in some cases it is much more useful.
Orange is the New Black, 2x08, “Appropriately Sized Pots”
--- Edward Mendelson
Note that Berlin was largely right, at a time when many were wrong. But I would say the same about Marxists and Objectivists, at least when it comes to one or two narrow questions, and I think this gave both groups an inflated notion of their own intelligence/rationality.
Mary Cateli
Joseph de Maistre, Les soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg
duplicate
Augustus De Morgan, The Penny Cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, London, 1842, vol. 23, p. 444
EDIT: Do the downvotes come from people not getting the fact that this was supposed to be humorous, or from people not sharing my sense of humor?
What’s worse is the converse—where common language users attempt to redefine a precise term for their own purposes. Mathematicians aren’t confused by ‘perfect numbers,’ but I don’t even know anymore what people mean around here when they use the B word. Maybe nothing interesting?
Okay, this is probably a stupid question but: What’s the B word?
“Bayesian.”
Care to share some hypothetical examples of irritating uses of the B word?
Ah. Of course.
Shall we then call groups, gillygangs, and categories, fenhews?
-Philosophy Bro
I did not suspect humour; if I had then I would have downvoted.
Book Review: Empire of the Summer Moon http://squid314.livejournal.com/340809.html
The empirical evidence that is in the link from Gunnar_Zarncke’s post is:
This is not just from introspection.
Do you think there would be interest in an “Irrationality Quotes” Thread?
To be honest, these threads are full of such great information that I can’t help imagining putting something absolutely useless or ridiculous in it. I just can’t resist how it would look to be scrolling through such properly-formatted and thoughtful knowledge from reputable people and then come across, just as perfectly-formatted, presented totally seriously...something like “Some dogs can’t resist a tasty morsel of feces.” -Theresa A. Fuess. (http://vetmed.illinois.edu/petcolumns/petcols_article_page.php?PETCOLID=77&URL=0) …just tucked in perfectly normally with everything else.
Or, more appropriately for its own thread, quotes that demonstrate the exact opposite of what LessWrong represents, as a means of reminding people of the various forms that irrationality takes when presented by serious opposition.
I’ll give it a go.
Similar ideas have been posted before.
That’s funny, I searched for “Irrationality Quotes” and that led me to believe it hadn’t.
EDIT: Actually now that I think about this...Alicorn may of course not even be suggesting that it’s a bad idea due to a previous thread in 2011, but just in general, if the last time the topic came up was 3 years ago, it’s probably fine or even preferable to bring it up again in some form if people found it interesting before. I’m sure there have been a few new members in the last 3 years, and a few more irrational things have been said. In general, people discuss various relevant topics more than once, and a time horizon for repeating them would probably reasonably be on the scale of months at the most. Otherwise, it’s guaranteeing the slow death of the site.
I have no particular opinion on whether you ought to start your thread. The links were just FYI because I thought I remembered what might generously be termed prior art on the subject.
Whenever I feel like reading nonsense, I browse the Conservapedia news section.
-- William Edwards Deming, The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education
This is false. It is false in theory and it is false in practice. Learning can occur without theory. I spent years researching and developing systems to do just that. And on the practical side (actually human psychology) learning frequently—even predominately—occurs without theory. Abstract theoretical reasoning is a special case of ‘learning’ and one that is comparatively recent and under-developed in the observed universe.
If you’re talking about unsupervised classification algorithms, don’t they kinda make their theory as they learn? At least, in the “model,” or “lossy compression” sense of “theory.” Finding features that cluster well in a data set is forming a theory about that data set.
You still need a theory, a.k.a., a prior on the kind of data you expect to be compressing. Otherwise you run into the No Free Lunch Theorem.
Theory answers the question “what should I observe”am, .ir rather it answers it internally. On the absence of theory, a learning entity needs to spoon fed data.
For example, “having eyes” answers that question, having eyes isn’t a theory.
Theory is still present. Just because it is not explicitly stated does not mean there is no theory. Abstract theoretical reasoning is learning. The distinction that you are drawing, is just between well stated theory and non-stated implicit theory. (Actually, I suppose it could be viewed as more of a sliding scale depending on how well its explained, how obvious the inferences are etc.,)
Theories need not be explicit but the lack of explicit theory does not imply that an implicit theory exists or that learning does not occur.
One could redefine the term ‘learning’ such that this claim (and the quote) is tautological. Doing so would be a terrible way to carve reality.
No it isn’t. The world isn’t that neat. Sometimes the theory just isn’t there. It would be possible to create a theory that approximates the physical process. But that doesn’t mean it exists.
Can you tell me why it is bad way to carve reality?
For the same reason it is not helpful to redefine carburetters as ‘car stuff’.
Abstract theoretical reasoning is different from kinds of learning without theory. It’s a remarkable, versatile development that is possessed by comparatively few of the learning systems that are known to exist. That’s not a difference to ignore.
Right. So the difference is probably a technical one.Actually, I’m not sure that I’ve fully understood your point.
Nevertheless, I dont think Edward Deming was talking about the same thing you are. The basic point that he was trying to make is that you need to have some kind of mental model in the light of which you need to analyse your experience.
I’m guessing that’s about the limits of your knowledge of ‘car stuff’. Mostly because the word is ‘carburetor’. :-)
No (read the first sentence. Also, ‘Aluminium’, ‘favour’, ‘kilometers’, ice melts at 0 degrees (or maybe 273.15, but definitely not 32) and a sane incarceration rate per 100,000 population is well under 200 in a stable, established democracy.
Surely you mean kilometres? :-)
Damn, yes. I also spell “colour” incorrectly most of the time, ever since I discovered that I could change Nibbles and Gorillas on my 286 by fiddling with the blue and white words.
Huh. I thought I was familiar with all the American English spelling distinctions. (I checked that Google autocorrected it anyway, but apparently it was too smart for me.) My mistake.
I’ve never had cause to write the term down myself. If I recall, I copy and pasted it directly from that wikipedia article, choosing which of the excessive number of location appropriate spelling variants was most aesthetically pleasing to me at the time.
Incidentally, I don’t have an excessive amounts of practical car knowledge. I’ve had some interest in the theory behind four stroke internal combustion engines but the specific quirks of the parts that can be seen when looking under the hood of a specific vehicle bore me senseless. But I do know quite a lot about “Cams”, my interest being piqued by linguistic affiliation and the desire to understand what on earth the “Camshaft” references my older team-mates used as apparently benign encouragement.
Dogs and humans both learn to walk, run, and jump well through experience, by doing them. To me it is implausible that a one year old human has a theory of walking, running, and jumping which she is using to gain expertise from the experience.
But as unlikely as it seems to me that a one year old human has a theory, it seems even less likely that a few-weeks old puppy dog has a theory that she is using to gain expertise from experience.
I think there is a kind of learning which needs a theory to happen, but I think that is just one kind of learning.
At this point you have to ask what you mean by “theory” and “learning”.
The original method of learning was “those that did it right didn’t die”—i.e. natural selection. Those that didn’t die have a pattern of behavior (thanks to a random mutation) that didn’t exist in previous generations, which makes them more successful gene spreaders, which passes that information on to future generations.
There is nothing in there that requires one to ask any questions at all. However, considering that there is information gained based on past experience, I think the definition of learning could be stretched to cover it. Obviously there is no individual learning, but there is definitely species learning going on there.
Since the vast majority of creatures that use this method of learning as their primary method of learning don’t even have brains, it seems obvious that there is no theory there. However, if we stretch the definition of theory to include any pattern of information that attempts to reflect reality (regardless of how well it does that job), well then even the lowliest bacteria have theories about how their world is supposed to work, and act accordingly.
That same broader definition of “theory” would cover wedrifid’s theoryless algorithms as well, as all you care about are patterns of information attempting to reflect reality, and they certainly have those.
All that said, the point of the quote is that in order for you as an individual to learn, then you as an individual must have an underlying theory of how things are supposed to be that can be challenged when faced with reality, in order to learn.
I have no idea if it’s actually true, I’m no psychologist or human learning expert or anything even remotely related, but it sounds like it has to be true even under the strict sense. It seems like it’s practically a tautology to me. Even wedfrid’s algorithms have a starting framework that attempts to reflect reality, however simplistic it may be. The algorithm itself is the theory there; it didn’t come from nothing.
Which makes it a practically useless observation, doesn’t it?
Pretty much.
At a certain point your arguments become circular. If you define learning as something that requires a theory, and then you “find” unstated theories wherever you find learning...
So let’s take theology, for example the medieval catholic one. There certainly was a lot of abstract theoretical reasoning there. Was it learning?
Hahahaha.. No, it wasnt learning (at least not learning about the real world). Sorry, the referred statement in your comment was a poorly worded one on my part.
The point I was trying to make was that I cant seem to envision learning, without having some theory (even if not well formulated) in your head. There has to be some moving parts (or some , that lead to a difference in anticipated outcomes and that should be enough to be fairly called a theory.
It has however since been pointed out to me that I might be making a tautological definition of the word “theory”. That may be so, and I’m kind of waiting for an explanation as to why that could be a bad idea. (I am of the belief that the more you identify the theory behind a phenomenon, the easier it would be to understand it and work around it/with it.
Sean Carroll in his blog post about the Born rule in MWI.
If you haven’t read the paper talked about in the blog post, you should. It doesn’t quite do as much as claimed (fully resolve the problems with Born probabilities in Everett quantum), but it is much more clearly argued than the usual forays into Everett (I suspect its the collaboration between the physicist and the philosopher responsible).
In particular, its the cleanest set of assumptions I’ve seen that lead to a nice Born rule in an Everett situation (Deutsch/Wallace was all sorts of nonsense).
Last impressive bit of progress in the QM fundamentals I recall was Zurek’s einselection, where he claimed to show that only the copies of eigenstates survive decoherence. The approach was unusual enough to be taken seriously, even if the experimental confirmation leaves much to be desired. Carroll’s “rational observers must believe in Born rule” looks rather dubious to me, mostly because it still takes a classical observer as a fundamental entity.
Observers are treated as explanatorily fundamental, sure, just as they are in any anthropic-type explanation. But I don’t see why that’s a problem. The issue is when observers are treated as ontologically fundamental, as they are in some objective collapse interpretations, because that conflicts with the apparent fact that observers are entirely made up out of quantum-mechanical parts. Carroll’s paper faces no such conflict.
What pragmatist said.
Basically the approach of Sebens and Carroll is to show that if observers are present, then they will see outcomes following the Born rule.
In that sense it seems that observers here are no more problematic than the observers of special relativity, where there are claims like if you use clocks to measure time in a moving frame, then you will see time slowing down relative to mine.
The piece that is new is showing that only equal amplitude observers can be thought of as “equivalent” for their definition of equivalent. Previously, one “obvious” thing to try to do was to weight different “worlds” equally, and this answers that objection.
But also important, its actually pretty clear. A lot of quantum foundations papers are rather poor, its nice to see a contribution thats well reasoned.
Edit to add: Just because I think its interesting and clear doesn’t mean its correct. In particular, by neglecting the small off diagonal terms in the density matrix they are doing exactly what Everett did in his original derivation, which is only valid in the limit of infinite interactions.
“The history of mathematics is a history of horrendously difficult problems being solved by young people too ignorant to know that they were impossible.” -Freeman Dyson
Duplicate.
(In fairness, I only discovered that because I tracked down the original source to try finding out which specific “young people” Dyson had in mind. He seems to imply Abram Samoilovitch Besicovitch as one example; I can put forward George Dantzig as another. But other than them...)
Apologies for the dupe.
Another example that I think is relevant, Wiles decided to solve Fermat’s Last Theorem when he was 10-years-old...and picked the problem up again in his early 30′s because of that childhood fascination.
---Demetri Martin, Person (2007)
Clever reasoning that completely misses the point.
Throwing stones is an entirely appropriate response to many situations. It is ill advised (and contemptible) in some others.
If you’re trapped in a glass house and you have a stone, throwing it is still a terrible idea.
And your counter-proposal for untrapping yourself is? A stone at least breaks the glass at range, which lets you avoid the shards of glass from the initial break, and can be thrown from close enough distance that you can run through the broken area before the entire house starts collapsing, if it was a load-bearing window.
You’d keep it in your hand and use it as an improvised hammer to carefully break yourself a big enough hole. Hopefully without collapsing the whole house.
Timothy Wilson, David Centerbar, Deborah Kermer & Daniel Gilbert, ‘The Pleasures of Uncertainty: Prolonging Positive Moods in Ways People Do Not Anticipate’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 88, no. 1 (2005), p. 5
Sky Masterson(Marlon Brando) Guys and Dolls
Ahem.
Oops. Wasn’t active at that time, and didn’t see it on a quick search.
I dunno. If the bet is for less money than a can of cider costs and you have a glass ready it might be worth it.
I don’t think I would drink cider that had been in my ear. Maybe you have cleaner ears.
That’s a side effect of perfecting human rationality. :D
If it did, they wouldn’t make the bet with you.
On the other hand, I’d happily pay for the experience of losing that bet.
Scott Aaronson.
EDIT: to clarify, if you can predict what a famous personality is going to say on a given topic well enough to replace it with a chatbot, listening to said personality on that topic no longer has much value.
Physicists’s responses to a given claim of discovering FTL signaling are one of the most predictable phenomena I can think of—even the comets and the tides throw more curveballs. One could easily replace them with a chatbot.
Well, yeah. If I were a physicist, I might find it annoying to give the same press interview for every individual incorrect claim of FTL signaling. It might be nice if somebody replaced me with a chatbot and let me go back to doing physics.
Predictable isn’t necessarily the same as wrong. I suppose, here, one must distinguish between listening as “seeking out the person’s opinion” and listening as “assigning credence to that opinion”. I can listen-1 to crackpots, but I don’t listen-2 to them. I listen-2 to my role models, even when I don’t need to listen-1 to them (thanks to my ability to model their response).
Do you often read physicist’s response to claims of FTL signalling? It seems to me like there is not much value in reading these, per the quote.
Not true. A chatbot (complex enough), can give you an interesting result you haven’t thought about it before.
I think Scott failed the inverse turing test. When reading his blockquote I would be quite confident in identifying that as something that Chomsky didn’t write.
Hardly surpising, since his comment was parody.
Valid moral judgement of “thousand eyes for an eye” actions is inherently pretty simple; if Scott is looking for something very sophisticated, he’s not interested in morality. (One may have a sophisticated response to an eye for an eye situation, but a thousand eyes for an eye is pretty one sided when you do not feel affiliated with either group).
Comparing 1 of something to 1000 of exactly the same thing done under exactly the same circumstances is pretty simple. Needless to say, that doesn’t hold true in real life situations. What makes you think it’s so simple here?
What’s your argument? That there may be 1000 to 1 difference in the value of life or something? Apples don’t have to weight exactly the same as oranges for 1000 apples to be heavier than 1 orange.
Less Wrong’s first Israel/Palestine flame war...this place finally feels like a real blog. [Sniffs, wipes tear from eye.]
Read what I said: exactly the same thing and exactly the same circumstances. Imagine a case where someone steals a crate of 1000 oranges. He dumps them on the side of the road to rot, but you happen to have come by and you recover all the oranges except one. However, the police then arrest him. Police time is not cheap; in fact, the cost of arresting this guy happened to equal 1000 apples.
Also, the guy surrounded himself with apples and the police had to step on them to get him. Much of the 1000-apple “expense” was really this.
In this situation, claiming that you spent 1000 apples to make up for the loss of one orange is stupid.
He certainly tried to destroy more than one orange. The fact that he only succeeded in destroying one doesn’t make his crime small.
There is no reason why the cost of arresting him should equal the damage caused by the crime.
If the guy forces you to step on some apples to arrest him, you don’t get to count that towards the cost being expensive.
By your reasoning, if someone tries to shoot me, and misses, the police can’t even put him in jail because the guy caused almost no damage, so the judge is not justified in causing damage to him.
No, by my reasoning, if someone shoots in the general direction of a crowd and misses, police shouldn’t drop a bomb at him, likely miss as well, but kill 1000 people. Because if the police starts doing this, they’re failing at minimizing danger to the public, very spectacularly so as well.
There is a reason why getting rid of a murderer should not cost far more lives than projected deaths from the murderer. That reason is police being here to minimize violent deaths.
There’s a reason why police and military are not the same thing. I don’t remember offhand how many people died on the Pacific front in World War II, but I’m pretty sure it’s more than died at Pearl Harbor. And at least at Pearl Harbor the US had the option of not entering the war and not getting any more Americans killed. The idea that you should not kill any more of the enemy than the enemy kills of you is something you and a lot of other people have basically made up. (And why aren’t you counting the projected deaths from the murderer as the murderer killing a few people at a time until forever, thus resulting in infinite projected deaths anyway?)
Also, what do you do if the enemy decides to deliberately surround himself with civilians so as to maximize the civilian casualties from attacking him?
You’re killing far, far more civilians than your enemy does (unless of course you now declared said civilians the enemy as well). You can’t say that about any allied nation in WW2.
The same as what you already do when they surround themselves with Israeli citizens.
Israeli citizens generally live in places that Israel has control over. Doing “the same” would mean Israel should take over Gaza; when Gaza is under its control, it would then be able to keep Hamas from surrounding themselves with Gazans. I’m fairly sure you would not actually recommend that.
The Imperial Japanese Army posed a significant threat to US interests and long term security, expecially given that it was allied to the other Axis powers. Still, many people believe that the nuking of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was excessive and immoral.
Anyway, WWII is a poor analogy for the Israel-Gaza conflict: the threat level Hamas exerts on Israeli security, or even economic welfare, is minimal, therefore the damages to the security ang welfare of Gazans caused by Israel “self-defence” operations are seen as greatly disproportionate.
In fact, it is often argued that Israel military actions are even inefficient at accomplishing their stated goal of protecting the security of its citizens, as opposed to other non-military options that Israel has, such as avoiding to provoke Hamas to fire rockets by imprisoning and killing its members in the West Bank without good cause, or finding reasonable terms for a truce (face-saving for both parties) once the mess had been started.
In the medium-long term, it can be argued that it would be in the interests of the security of Israeli citizen that their government negotiated a permanent political solution with both Fatah and Hamas.
Another important way in which analogies based on traditional warfare fail, is that Gaza or the West Bank aren’t countries separate from Israel, they are regions under Israel military occupation.
Gaza has some level of autonomy, with Hamas acting as a de facto government for day-to-day administration and law enforcement, but Israel keeps control over Gaza airspace and access to international waters, which still counts as military occupation under international law. International law, which many people find morally reasonable, also says that an occuping powers has special duties to protect the civilians of the regions under occupations: since they don’t have a fully sovereign government taking care of their interests, the occupying power must take the burden on itself.
In any case, international law, and I would say common morality as well, condemns the killing of civilians if it doesn’t accomplish a reasonable and “proportionate” military objective.
The Allied firebombing of Dresden, and maybe even the nuking of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, can be argued to have accomplished valuable and proportionate military objectives despite the high number of civilian deaths, as they greatly damaged the enemy industrial capability and hence their war effort.
In the current round of Israel-Gaza conflict, thousands of Gazan civilians have been killed, including children playing football on a beach, people in the premises of an UN school, etc. Israel officially claims that some of these deaths were accidents and blames the others on Hamas usage of human shields. Maybe that’s techically true, but when you are bombing and shelling an heavily populated area, a certain amount of “accidents” and more or less deliberate human shielding are inevitable. You know that a lots of civilians are going to die, and you need a damm good military objective in order to justify it.
What military objective is Israel accomplishing? Hamas is still firing its rockets, which are still extremely ineffective at killing Israeli citizens. Eventually, Israel may stop the Hamas rocket launches by destroying all the caches and smuggling tunnels. And it will take only a couple of years for Hamas to replenish its arsenal, and for each dead militant, Hamas will be able to recruit three from the enraged population.
This combination of large loss of civilian lives and minimal accomplishment of military objectives, particularly given the status of Gaza as an occupied territory, are the reason why people argue that Israel actions are disproportionate and doubt Israel good faith in its claims that it is trying to minimize civilian losses.
The alternate, uncharitable hypothesis to explain Israel behavior is that it is trying to maximize Gazan civilian deaths while maintaining the plausible deniability it needs in order to keep US financial and military aid and support in the UN Security Council. Thus Israel can’t nuke the Gazans or put them into death camps, but, according to this model, it would love to.
This model, where all the Israeli are bloodthirsty monsters, is overly uncharitable. Real world politics is complicated:
Israel has an almost pure proportional political representation system, which results in coallition governments where small parties that can switch sides are greatly favoured. The current ruling coallitions has nationalistic and religious parties which are apparently made of kill-all-Arabs bloodthirsty monsters, and the government as a whole has to balance padering to a broad electorate, which includes bloodthirsty monsters that vote for said parties.
Overall, the average Israeli voter is probably not a monster, but finds it easier to cooperate with the Israeli monsters rather than with the Palestinians, who also have their share of kill-all-Jews monsters.
Anyway, this comment is quite long and discussion of contemporary object-level real-world politics is discouraged here, probably with good reason. The Israeli-Gaza conflict is one of the most divisive political topic ever, therefore I’m not going to carry on this discussion any more.
One thing we learn even in situations that are not in the Middle East is that actions cause incentives.
Refusing to kill militants when protected by human shields encourages the taking of more human shields.
It’s not hard to bring up the Wikipedia article. Proportionality requires that the force be proportionate to what is necessary to achieve the objective, not that the force be proportionate to the number of deaths caused by the enemy.
If this was truly what they believed, then I could, for instance, argue that Israeli attacks don’t make it easier for Hamas to recruit from the enraged population, and it would also count as an argument that Israel’s attacks are proportionate. I don’t believe for one second that such an argument would be received in such a way.
Your analogy breaks down because in the case at hand, there is no impartial police that can enforce a fair punishment. Also, oranges and apples are not moral patients.
EDIT:
To clarify, a more apt analogy would be if somebody shooted in the air in the general direction of your house, knowing that with overwhelming probability he was unlikely to hit you, and in retaliation you dropped a napalm bomb in his neighborhood, killing everybody but him.
Oh, and let’s not forget that you provoked him to shoot at you by kidnapping and killing various members of his immediate familiy after accusing them, without any judicial oversight or even plausible evidence, of kidnapping and killing your dog. A dog that you had intentionally let illegaly roam their property in the first place.
How about that?
The “overwhelming probability” of being “unlikely to hit” is a bad analogy to the real world. Hamas’s rockets don’t kill many people, but they’re not so unlikely to hit that they don’t kill some people. It’s not as if they’re blowing a puff of cigarette smoke towards you and increasing the probability by 0.001 that you may someday get cancer—people actually die from those rockets.
Furthermore, you left out the part where the guy deliberately shot at you from a crowded neighborhood so that the only way to defend yourself is to endanger the people around him.
Don’t use political examples in a non-political argument. There are always plenty of others to choose from.
This has been about Hamas for the past 8 posts, even if nobody’s actually used the word “Hamas” before.
Yep. Kinda serves you right for using a political quote to make a non-political point about rationality ;)
That wasn’t me, it was shminux.
My intention was to add on to your reply. I can see why that was confusing, though.
How many Israeli civilians have been killed by rockets since Operation Protective Edge? Three. Out of a population of 8.1 million.
If Hamas hired tourists to go to Israel and puff smoke in crowed areas it would probably have a greater effect on the Israeli mortality rate.
As opposed to seeking a political solution?
Isreal has been trying that for ~30 years. It doesn’t seem to be working.
Have they really? In those three decades, there have been periods where they were genuinely seeking a political solution, but it certainly hasn’t been the majority of that time. And it’s pretty hard to argue that they’ve been seeking a political solution in good faith in the last 6-10 years; they’ve been sinking considerable resources into projects directly counter to negotiation (settlement-building).
Certainly lip service has been paid more or less continuously, but I don’t think you could consider it an active political project of the Israeli government at any point during the Obama administration.
That’s because it was clear by that point that this isn’t working and that the Palestinians have even less interest in a good faith political solution.
Not going to claim Hamas has (that would be ridiculous), but Fatah has made fairly consistent, credible efforts.
But while this is arguing over questions of fact, it’s still politicised and unlikely to be productive or change anyone’s mind, so tapping out is probably wise on my part.
As often happens, the truth is more complex than either of you are giving credit for.
Neither Fatah nor Hamas has much real popular support, at this point. I agree that Fatah has in fact been making credible efforts towards negotiating a peace deal, actually (and I say this as an Israeli). Hamas, yes, they are in fact genocidally-inclined clerical fascists, Sharia law blah blah, executing dissenters in the streets, blah blah.
But Hamas has one thing going for them: they fight the Israelis. Fatah does not, certainly not as much as the Palestinian public would prefer. So the current situation is: most Palestinians favor the PLO’s traditional ideology of semi-secular nationalism, and believe in the PLO’s traditional historiography, but consider the Fatah organization itself to have become corrupt stooges for the Israeli occupier. Some of them channel this belief into despair, some into political anarchism, and many into a quiet, tacit support for Hamas militancy.
Netanyahu’s nonstop bad-faith “negotiation” ever since his election and reelection has not been helping.
I’ve been thinking about the issue in terms of (armchair) game theory:
Ostensibly, both parties essentially claim to be playing a a tit-for-tat strategy in an interated prisoner dilemma where the other party is a DefectBot that can’t be cooperated with.
Who played “Defect” first and when is a matter of dispute: arguments usually involve to events going back to at least the British Empire, if not the Ottoman Empire or even the Roman Empire.
Regardless of who started it, both parties think (or at least claim to think) that they can’t break the defection cycle by attempting to cooperate unilaterally, hence they defect.
Obviously this analysis is simplistic since it models the Israeli and the Palestinians each as a single agent. But since, as you say, Palestinians tend to more or less unwillingly support Hamas and the Israeli tend to support Netanyahu and his coallition government (also more or less unwillingly?), I think this two-agent model is a reasonable first-order approximation.
Another issue is that there doesn’t appear to be a Schelling point that both parties recognize as a “default” solution for the bargaining problem they face. It seems that both parties operate under a framework of “This land is ours. You have no right to be here. Anything we might concede you is more than you deserve and you’d better be grateful and accept it without question before we change our mind.”
This isn’t conducive to productive negotiation.
Your approximation is roughly correct. I would only add that while your statement about “our land” does represent the pro-settler faction of Israeli society, I do believe there’s a large double-digit percentage who are “settlement-apathetic”, and whose support can be “purchased” by whichever political side offers them greater quiet and prosperity in which to lead their private lives. They vote for peace when it looks like it will work, and when they are convinced (not necessarily in relation to fact, as you noted) that the Palestinians just want to exterminate us and will try indefatigibly, they vote for military repression.
There’s also an internal contradiction here: Bibi Netanyahu is an American-style neoliberal. People don’t actually like that here. At all. They only really put up with it because it comes as a package deal with the “security through military action” platform of the Likud and the religious idealism of Jewish Home.
Bibi can only keep his job by maintaining quiet, but whenever he’s successful in that, people remember all their Western-style everyday-life problems that are because of Bibi.
It would help to actually look at the history rather than simply completing the pattern and pretending to be wise.
Israel has an various periods starting with Yitzhak Rabin attempted to play unilateral cooperation under the theory that this would lead to cooperation on the other end. Hasn’t worked out that way.
“This s our land, and anybody who suggests that somebody else might have some modicum of claim over it must be pretending to be wise and <insert teacher’s password here>.”
“Anything we might concede you is more than you deserve and you’d better be grateful and accept it without question before we change our mind.”
If that was an accurate description, there would be no Palestinians there at all.
I don’t think that contradicts anything I said, and it doesn’t contradict anything I intended to say; I was familiar with most of it (other than the extent to which the various views are common among Palestinians, where I have very little basis for judgment) and agree.
I was trying to point out that people professing to be negotiating is not the same thing as actually negotiating, and while there have been 30 years of professions of negotiations, the actual time spent making an honest attempt has been much smaller. This is also true of the PLO, obviously (IIRC, Arafat was particularly guilty of it), but no one was previously claiming the opposite position on that front.
Yes, when your partner has no interest in honest negotiations it’s hard keep attempting that indefinitely.
How many people did John Hinckley, Jr. kill? One. Out of a population of, oh, 300 million.
According to Wikipedia, he killed none and injuried four, including the President of the United States. How many people did the US government kill in order to “self-defend” from John Hinckley, Jr?
That might be because he had US citizens around him rather than foreigners. If someone’s firing from the middle of a group of foreigners, apparently its ok to drop a bomb there.
If someone is firing from the middle of a group of people, and said people won’t have no interest in stopping the firer and are actively giving him support.
Yeah, like that U.N. school.
Funny how the U.N. school had to objections to being used for rocket storage and as a platform for launching rockets.
Downvoted for the original context of the quote: blue and green politics, strawmanning, etc.
If you read the comment section, Scott is very careful to avoid blue vs green, as evidenced by the nearly equal split of haters and few supporters (distribution of political views on a given issue is rarely normal, it is bimodal more often than not, so the moderates tend to get more hate than support). Granted, the comment itself is obviously a mockery of Chomsky. The context is that Chomsky is so far down one side, his response is predictable enough to be automated.
(After that post in Discussion, every time I read “blue” and “green” my brain automatically replaces them with “attractive” and “creepy”.)
That’s only true if the person who’s reading the post can only see black and white and who doesn’t care about deeper understanding and arguments.
In this case Chomsky would probably speak about how Hamas usually does claim responsibility for terror acts that it commits. The latest conflict escalated on grounds that Israel claimed that Hamas is responsible for a kidnapping for which Hamas didn’t claim responsibility. Speaking about the timing and the motivation of various parties for the kidnapping could be interesting.
Analysis of Egypt’s role in this conflict would be interesting. Especially as Egypt lately outlawed the Muslim brotherhood.
So it is aqua politics?
I’ve heard that D-Wave quantum computer solves the P vs NP problem. I wonder what Scott Aaronson has to say about it. :D
Good point.
This is true to the extent that all of one’s beliefs, thoughts and feelings are reflectively consistent, incorporating all available evidence into a cohesive, integrated whole.
Comparatively little of the process of learning is the absorbing of evidence not previously heard. Most of the benefits come from deliberate practice#Deliberate_practice) and repetition. If I didn’t listen to the advice of people whose advice generation I could emulate I would be much worse off.
Having clicked through and read the rest of Scott’s comment, I feel compelled to add the proviso that when applying this heuristic, one should check whether one’s predictions are, in fact, accurate.