Collective Apathy and the Internet
Yesterday I convered the bystander effect, aka bystander apathy: given a fixed problem situation, a group of bystanders is actually less likely to act than a single bystander. The standard explanation for this result is in terms of pluralistic ignorance (if it’s not clear whether the situation is an emergency, each person tries to look calm while darting their eyes at the other bystanders, and sees other people looking calm) and diffusion of responsibility (everyone hopes that someone else will be first to act; being part of a crowd diminishes the individual pressure to the point where no one acts).
Which may be a symptom of our hunter-gatherer coordination mechanisms being defeated by modern conditions. You didn’t usually form task-forces with strangers back in the ancestral environment; it was mostly people you knew. And in fact, when all the subjects know each other, the bystander effect diminishes.
So I know this is an amazing and revolutionary observation, and I hope that I don’t kill any readers outright from shock by saying this: but people seem to have a hard time reacting constructively to problems encountered over the Internet.
Perhaps because our innate coordination instincts are not tuned for:
Being part of a group of strangers. (When all subjects know each other, the bystander effect diminishes.)
Being part of a group of unknown size, of strangers of unknown identity.
Not being in physical contact (or visual contact); not being able to exchange meaningful glances.
Not communicating in real time.
Not being much beholden to each other for other forms of help; not being codependent on the group you’re in.
Being shielded from reputational damage, or the fear of reputational damage, by your own apparent anonymity; no one is visibly looking at you, before whom your reputation might suffer from inaction.
Being part of a large collective of other inactives; no one will single out you to blame.
Etcetera. I don’t have a brilliant solution to this problem. But it’s the sort of thing that I would wish for potential dot-com cofounders to ponder explicitly, rather than wondering how to throw sheep on Facebook. (Yes, I’m looking at you, Hacker News.) There are online activism web apps, but they tend to be along the lines of sign this petition! yay, you signed something! rather than How can we counteract the bystander effect, restore motivation, and work with native group-coordination instincts, over the Internet?
Some of the things that come to mind:
Put a video of someone asking for help online.
Put up names and photos or even brief videos if available of the first people who helped (or have some redditish priority algorithm that depends on a combination of amount-helped and recency).
Give helpers a video thank-you from the founder of the cause that they can put up on their “people I’ve helped” page, which with enough standardization could be partially or wholly assembled automatically and easily embedded in their home webpage or Facebook account.
Find a non-annoying idiom for “Tell a friend about cause X”; allow referrer link codes; then show people how many others they’ve evangelized (how many people who initially got here using referrer code X actually contributed or took some other action).
(All of the above applies not just to donations, but to open-source projects to which people have contributed code. Or if people really do want nothing but signatures on a petition, then for signatures. There are ways to help besides money—even though money is usually the most effective. The main thing is that the form of help has to be verifiable online.)
Make it easier for people to offer monetary bounties on subtasks whose performance is verifiable.
But mostly I just hand you an open, unsolved problem: make it possible / easier for groups of strangers to coalesce into an effective task force over the Internet, in defiance of the usual failure modes and the default reasons why this is a non-ancestral problem. Think of that old statistic about Wikipedia representing 1⁄2,000 of the time spent in the US alone on watching television. There’s quite a lot of fuel out there, if there were only such a thing as an effective engine...
- Less Wrong NYC: Case Study of a Successful Rationalist Chapter by (17 Mar 2011 20:12 UTC; 188 points)
- Akrasia and Shangri-La by (10 Apr 2009 20:53 UTC; 53 points)
- The Craft and the Community by (26 Apr 2009 17:52 UTC; 45 points)
- Rationality Reading Group: Part Z: The Craft and the Community by (4 May 2016 23:03 UTC; 10 points)
- [SEQ RERUN] Collective Apathy and the Internet by (1 May 2013 4:33 UTC; 6 points)
- 's comment on Rationality Reading Group: Part Z: The Craft and the Community by (5 May 2016 15:03 UTC; 2 points)
Blink. You read Reddit, right? Have you never noticed that every time there’s an outrageous story, everyone on Reddit bands together and does something about it? Dusty the cat? The ReMax debacle? That woman who got her cruise cancelled and the Redditors sent enough to get her a new one? Also, http://www.cracked.com/article_17170_8-awesome-cases-internet-vigilantism.html . This is pretty impressive. If I’d, say, put a big poster up in a school about Dusty the Cat or ReMax, I doubt the students would have been able to mount half as coherent or overwhelming a response as the Internet did.
And Anonymous versus Scientology was pretty impressive too.
All of these have some things in common. They’re responses to a single outrageous incident, they’re things that the mainstream media doesn’t cover, and they don’t take a huge time commitment to solve. So there is a big difference between them and, say, fighting world hunger.
But what I gather from these examples is that anonymity and the bystander effect do not suddenly change the incentive structure for people online. Possibly the best known Internet action-taking campaign ever was the anti-Scientology one perpetrated by...Anonymous.
I would suggest we shift our inquiries in the direction of why the Internet is so good at Dusty the Cat style operations and so bad at end world hunger style operations. I think it probably has to do with the way people use the Internet itself: short attention spans and novelty-seeking.
On the other hand, the Internet can pull through for people long-term: witness Howard Dean, Barack Obama, Ron Paul, and “netroots”. So maybe it has more to do with the fragmented nature of the Internet. Reddit is a natural place for Ron Paul fans to get together and organize Ron Paul related things, but there are lots of fragmented communities and none of them is specifically focused on world hunger. Nor would a sudden interest in solving world hunger on one community’s part spread to another.
I don’t know. Don’t have a specific answer. Just think we need to shift direction away from “Why is the Internet so bad at this?” because it isn’t
The key problem is not doing collective action, but agreeing on what collective actions we think are worth doing. Governments excel at overcoming coordination problems to choose and implement collective actions. Its problem is that it often chooses badly.
There are many benefits to surrounding yourself with extremely bright rationalists and scientific generalists. But I wonder if Eliezer has been too successful in sparing himself from the tedium and the trouble of interacting with and observing the common run of scientifically-illiterate irrational not-particularly-bright humanity. If he had been forced to spend a few years in an ordinary American high school or in an ordinary workplace—or even if he had had lengthy dealings with a few of the many community activists of the San Francisco Bay Area where he lives—or even if he just had 20 more years of life experience—I wonder if he would still think it is a good idea to “make it possible / easier for groups of strangers to coalesce into an effective task force over the Internet” using only the skills for working in groups that come from the ancestral environment.
The way it is now, to devise an effective plan to change society, a person needs more rationality skill and more true information about their society than most people have. But I humbly submit that that is not a bug, but rather a feature! So is the fact that the instincts and emotions and biases that come from the ancestral environment are not enough to do it. (I sometimes go even further and say that it is important to be able to use rationality and deliberation to veto or override the instincts and emotions and biases that come from the ancestral environment.)
And I do not think it is particularly useful to frame what I just said as elitism. It is just an acknowledgement of the following reality: for almost any plan you can come up with for empowering the masses, I can come up with a plan that preferentially empowers the people more likely to use the new power for good—for some definition of “good” that you and I can both agree on. Science and technology and other means of empowering people have become too potent for scientists and technologists and others not to think through what people are likely to do with the new power.
EDIT: for the sake of perspective and balance, I note that the mere fact that a person has read this post and consequently probably has a strong interest in the subject matter of this web site might be enough evidence of rationality to ameliorate my concerns about empowering them with a new technology for collaboration provided that the collaboration has a goal or mission statement less ambiguous than the current mission statement of a certain institute that must not be named, but if Eliezer’s purpose is to empower only the people interested enough in rationality and knowledge to keep coming back to this web site, he should say so instead of speaking of empowering people in general.
There are certain resonances between Robin’s comment and this one, which is why I put it here.
Let’s first assess the current state of the art. The Facebook Causes application does not meet all your criteria, but it hits a few pretty well. It puts money front and center, and tracks the amount you’ve donated, as well as the amount you’ve “raised” by referring friends who then donate. It also provides a number of means by which to tell friends about causes—you decide what seems least annoying.
I notice someone’s already registered The Institute Which Must Not Be Named
How can one be sure that the money actually goes to said cause?
I donated to TIWMNBN last night, and received a receipt from the networkforgood.org domain. Network For Good is an eight-year-old company which processes donations for a number of non-profits. Their Wikipedia page doesn’t seem to throw any red flags so far as I can see.
It seems to me that the open source community has this problem effectively conquered. ESR’s Homesteading the Noosphere is a pretty good analysis of how.
Solution: wait 5 years for internet connection speeds to increase by an order of magnitude and for everyone to have ultralight netbooks with good webcams on them, and let groups convene in a much-improved version crossover of second life and facebook in exactly the same way that groups of hunter-gatherers convened on the savannah.
It is an elegant solution, because rather than attempting to work around our barely-evolved-monkey brains, it merely changes the internet to be more like the EEA.
I’m trying to use a primitive version of this by disallowing comments on my blog and forcing people to comment on it on facebook, where they have a fixed identity and where their social circle overhears the conversation.
Good idea, but it’ll be a lot more than 5 years until telecommunications can come close to the richness of face-to-face contact. (Just one example.) Probably more important still is the difference between having to set up a conversation vs. having people constantly at hand, feeling like they’re at hand, and being constantly available yourself.
When facebook chat meets skype meets WoW, this will cease to be a problem. 5, maybe 10 years. Think WiMax.
Lanier’s article is interesting. But the things people already do on WoW contradict most of the thrust of the argument that you are making. WoW avatars are primitive imitations of the human form… with NO facial features at all! Yet, people have got married on the basis of WoW interactions.
The difference, I suspect, is that in WoW people interact with each other in a virtual world, whereas in videoconferencing you just have a disembodied, pixellated head to look at.
I like your facebook idea. In my opinion anonymity is one of the big players in this mess, it creates a sense of normality that can be easily just a deception; even if people could hear the “plea for help” all it takes is the majority of posts making fun of it for reducing it’s effectiveness, yet this majority of posts could have been wrote by the same person using many nicknames taking advantage of his anonymity… Since, in this scenario, most people seem to agree, the casual surfer would feel, even if he doesn’t like the comments, that at some point making fun of someone crying for help is normal and socially accepted.
I couldn’t help but notice that Eliezer’s list of idea up there described Kickstarter to a T. I have no idea when Kickstarter was launched. I’d be using Kickstarter myself for just about everything if I wasn’t having difficulties getting my Amazon account working correctly.
If the goal of promoting rationality conflicts with the goal of creating a taskforce, why expend energy reconciling those goals? Purchase utilons separately! Become a charismatic leader. Make inspirational speeches on YouTube. Give orders to a close circle of lieutenants. Go all the way.
Because you don’t want an irrational taskforce.
It’s irrational to want a rational taskforce, rather than an efficient one.
Perhaps the point is that an irrational task force won’t be efficient long-term, in subtle ways that can not be controlled by ordering them around.
Justify this assertion. It sounds like a rationalization to me.
Also, I see no need for a long-term taskforce, seeing as the game will soon change radically for Reasons That May Not Be Named.
On both points: humility. The effect of ordering irrational people around is not predictable enough for it to be a better option than having a taskforce that can guide itself rationally. (And, as Vladimir says, if you end up needing the taskforce to do something requiring rationality, you’re out of luck.)
Ordering a thousand fanatic janitors to program an optimizing compiler will bear no fruit.
There is enough uncertainty in this business to worry about planning humanity’s development even 150 years ahead.
Did you actually think about that for five minutes?
Order your thousand fanatic janitors to study computer programming. Now you’ve got, say, 990 fanatic janitors begging forgiveness from the Great Leader for their failure, and ten minimally-competent programmers. Programmers continue training, while janitors atone by seeing to the programmers’ every material need.
Consider how much time some potential world-changing genius wastes with preparing their own food, shopping for clothes, waiting in line for things, and so on. Given fanatical dedication to a cause, and a staff of less-skilled but equally-dedicated assistants, one of the chosen few could simply say “I want a ham sandwich” and get back to work, knowing that a ham sandwich prepared exactly to their previously-expressed specifications will be presented to them within minutes, without another precious thought allocated to the details of logistics.
Stop equating intelligence with LW-rationality.
Stop equating skills with intelligence.
If I replace “intelligence” with “skills”, the point still stands.
Rationality is a skill. Replacing “intelligence” with “skills” gives the following point:
www.reddit.com/r/SuicideWatch/ seems to be doing alright.
Sorry about the broken link ‘n’ stuff.
I can see your link in the sidebar, but not in the comment.
ETA: nm
SuicideWatch
It’s been proven that communities built on small world principle (social networks) scale well. I know some people well, and each of them know some people well, and so on. When I need help or whatever I tell that to my closest friends and ask top pass it on. That’s how chain letters work.
Here is one proposal:
http://blog.wired.com/business/2009/03/yes-we-plan-how.html
Their idea seems to be to combine a social networking site with facilities for coordinating action and a karma system. If it can be designed in such a way that signals are honest, karma is fair and the system becomes widely-used, I imagine it could be highly effective. On the other hand, Facebook and co. give free karma that’s instantly visible to all your associates, so I fear it will be very difficult for the new site to invade the market.
I’m new here and didn’t know if this has been a topic of discussion yet, but I found this story to be fascinating:
http://www.physorg.com/news158928941.html
In short, two psychologists modeled decision-making in a variation of the Prisoner’s Dilemma with a “quantum” probability model. Their motivation was to reconcile results from actual studies (the participants consistently made apparently irrational choices) with what classical probability theory predicts a rational agent would choose.
Oh, and the quantum thing isn’t new-age mysticism at all. It’s simply a model wherein instead of a binary choice, a choice can sort of be 0 and 1 simultaneously. I don’t claim to fully understand it, but it sounds awfully interesting.
EDIT: I looked at the context, and I’m setting a bad example for thales. This is off-topic for the post, so it should have been put in Open Thread instead.
But EY already responded, so I’ll leave my comment instead of deleting it.
Same justification Penrose used for saying quantum mechanics is required to explain consciousness.
This is very interesting. I would guess that this is linked to instinctive fight-or-flight decisions, and has to do with adrenaline, not rational decisions.
I assume this is a 2-round PD? Otherwise, why 66% defecting in response to cooperation?
When the action is unknown, you don’t assume 1-1 odds. But you certainly would predict that P(defection) | unknown is between P(defection) | defection and P(defection) | cooperation.
This isn’t cognitive dissonance, but whatever.
Sounds to me—and this is based on more than what I quoted here—like they are simply positing that people think that the probability of their defecting is correlated with the probability of the other person defecting. Possibly they just don’t understand probability theory, and think they’re working outside it. I attended a lecture by Lofti Zadeh, inventor of fuzzy logic, in which he made it appear (to me, not to him) that he invented fuzzy logic to implement parts of standard probability theory that he didn’t understand.
But the math for that explanation doesn’t work. You’d have to read their paper in Proceedings of the Royal Society B to figure out what they really mean.
It sounds like they’re describing Evidential Decision Theory.
I’ve heard other Bayesians say they’re not impressed with Zadeh. I know fuzzy logic primarily as a numerical model of a nonstandard deduction system, as opposed to anything that would be used in real life.
I have invited 27 friends to the SIAI facebook cause.
Let’s try to all invite roughly that many. Post your accomplishments in this thread.