It sounds like I have more expectation of a much more efficient paradigm (a la e.g. Steven Byrnes) being feasibly discovered through purely theoretical work (though not necessarily single-2026-laptop efficient, or discovered on any particular schedule), which is coloring my takes here.
I agree that stigma is important and would reduce the level of intervention needed to shut down independent research. It’s only very recently that I’ve seen any discussion of stigma as load-bearing in pause scenarios, so I wasn’t thinking of it.
I don’t super understand why “AI chips that cost $1k+ can only run signed code” would be invasive in any meaningful way. I don’t really think it would change anyone’s life in any particularly meaningful way.
I was thinking of it as more invasive in affecting (by limiting what code they can run) far more actors (as opposed to, what, reactor operators and uranium handlers?, in the nuclear case). If unrestricted general-purpose CPUs are still readily available, it does seem like nothing much would change in practice & the important freedoms would be preserved; combined with only a few chipmakers actually being liable for compliance, I can see calling this not more invasive.
Both Android phones and iPhones can only run signed code, and the vast majority of gaming happens on game consoles that can only run signed code.
(I do think it’s probably meaningful that these aren’t legal mandates, and more meaningful that unrestricted platforms are also readily available.)
Though note the difference between ‘single-PC compute after more expensive experimental work’ (what it sounds like Steven is predicting, and Habryka is assuming) and ‘single-PC compute without that’ (what Adam is predicting).