Alex Tabarok suggests improving crowdfunding by letting fundraisers offer a bonus as compensation for anyone that gets a refund if the project fails. By doing that the fundraiser solves the coordination problem making non-funding the equilibrium:
if I think that you won’t contribute then I may decide not to contribute and if I don’t contribute then you may decide not to contribute. Neither of us can do better by contributing, given the other person is not-contributing, and so non-contributing is a Nash equilibrium
But with refund bonuses:
if I think that you won’t contribute then I want to contribute, to earn the refund bonus, and the same is true for you. Indeed, the only equilibria in the crowdfunding game with refund bonuses have the project being funded.
He also highlights the importance of early backing to successfully fund projects, and refund bonuses, and especially refund bonuses only for early backers, incentivize early backing.
This is supported by a lab experiment (sci-hub) that tested various refund bonus schemes against the no-refunds baseline using a “lab-based fundraising platform with many main features of real-life crowdfunding such as asynchronous multiple contribution pledges over continuous time, constant updating of individual and aggregate pledge amounts until a fixed deadline, and simultaneously launched multiple fundraising campaigns. Each campaign lasts for two minutes, during which ten participating subjects can pledge their (multiple) contributions without any timing restrictions” where for each project, each participant is assigned a random value between 20 and 100 experimental dollars[1], which they get if the project is funded. The funding threshold for each project was set at 300 (experimental) dollars. For each project, participants could make as many contributions of any amount they want, which would instantly display for all other 9 participants. “In every period two alternative projects were available for potential contributions, with differing refund bonus rules for each”. Sessions included 20-30 periods. Overall, data was reported from 280 college students, non of which participated in more than one session.
The results were:
Baseline: no refund bonus (on Kickstarter the funding frequency is 39.5%) F3: bonus of $3 for total individual contribution ≥ $30. F6: bonus of $6 for total individual contribution ≥ $30. FE30: bonus of $6 for first 5 individuals with total individual contribution ≥ $30. FE50: bonus of $6 for first 5 individuals with total individual contribution ≥ $50. PE10: 10% bonus paid on contributions made during the first half of the contribution window. P20 (not shown): 20% bonus on all contributions − 60.5% funding frequency. PE20: 20% bonus paid on contributions made during the first half of the contribution window.
I think this is a great idea and I expect it to work if implemented. I hope to see crowdfunding platforms experiment with it.
With that said, there are some interesting possibilities to explore regarding this suggestion.
Why fundraisers have to fund the refund bonus (and not the platform)
If the platform funded the bonuses, people could create on purpose projects that would fail and back them in order to profit from the refund bonuses. There’s no such option if the fundraiser funds the bonuses.
Cost and Optionality
Putting the burden of funding the bonuses on the fundraiser makes fundraising more expensive, but not that much more expansive. Say you make a campaign with a $100,000 goal, and choose PE10 (10% bonus paid on contributions made during the first half of the contribution window). The most you’d have to pay is 10% of $99,999, but that’s unlikely to happen. If your campaign fails I expect it’s more likely to end up at about half the funding goal. In that case you’d only have to pay $5000 in bonuses. If we take into account that much of the support comes after the midpoint of the campaign, we can cut that amount further by a half or a third, to $3400-$2500. This seems far more manageable, and maybe you get most of the benefit even with lower bonuses and a shorter timeframe, this hasn’t been tested so we don’t know yet.
On top of that, the paper shows that fundraisers that do multiple fundraisers can pay for the bonuses in their failed projects with the profits from their successful project (which, remember, they have about 11% more of using PE10 refund bonuses and 52% more using PE20).
Still, I think this should be optional (and judging from the wording in the paper I think the authors agree), so those who don’t want to take any risk wouldn’t offer refunds and would have a lower chance of succeeding, while those who are willing to take the risk would offer refunds and have a higher chance of succeeding. I also think multiple refund schemes should be available, so fundraisers could choose the one that fits them most.
I also wonder if this will lead to some sort of two-step process that would let fundraisers crowdfund the funds for the refund bonuses and then do the main campaign with the crowdfunded refund bonuses.
Higher Goals
Here’s how I understand regular crowdfunding dynamics[2]: whether a person chooses to support or not is a function how likely they think it is to succeed and how likely they think it is that they can free-ride. So if the project asks for very little, it’s likely someone else will back the project instead of them so they refrain. If the project asks for too much, it’s unlikely it will get funded so there’s no point pledging anything. And there’s a range in the middle where that person both thinks it’s likely the project will get funded and unlikely they can free-ride, in which case they back it.
Refund bonuses completely change this dynamic, cause now the higher the goal (and the less likely a project is to get funded) the more you want to back it!
So if campaigns of all goal amounts get funded more frequently, and if there’s an incentive to back projects that have seemingly too high goals, then I think this allows projects to successfully ask for much more.
This is especially true for big companies that do many fundraisers and can finance high refund bonuses for the failed ones with the profits from the successful ones.
As far as I can tell, the projects that asked for the highest amount on Kickstarter and succeeded are Mystery Science Theater 3000 ($5.5m) and Torment: Tides of Numenera ($4.5m). How much higher could you go with refunds?
Fundraisers usually depend on backers sharing and promoting the project to get more backers onboard. The refund bonus is technically a disincentive to promote the project. If previously you would ‘lose’ X utility for the project failing, because you want it to succeed, now you lose X - Y where Y is the refund bonus you would get if it fails. So the refund bonus should never be so high that it makes someone prefer the project to fail or to make them demotivated to promote it. The project succeeding should still clearly trump the project failing in the eyes of backers.
A high enough refund bonus can create weird behaviors like backing the project, and then trying to convince others that it’s awful or that its creators are awful and shouldn’t be supported in order to gain the refund bonuses.
I think this suggests that optimal refund bonuses are actually fairly cheap, and wouldn’t be a problem for most fundraisers. Even rich fundraisers who are confidant in their product might not want to offer a big refund bonus because of that.
Still, unless the refund bonus is very high or the value of the project is very low, I don’t expect this to be a problem.
Harmful Projects
Until now we only considered projects that are beneficial to society (or at least to the backers), but some projects can be harmful. Maybe they’re trying to fund some addictive game, propaganda, or some dangerous technology.
Without a refund bonus no one wants to back a harmful project. With refund bonuses people have an incentive to be early backers of harmful projects if they think they won’t achieve full backing (but it still doesn’t incentivize late backers to push it over the edge. That might still happen by accident, though). People will probably even do that as a deliberate attempt to punish the fundraiser for trying to raise for a bad project.
Creators of such projects are disincentivized to use refund bonuses, as they’re very likely to have to pay them. In most cases they’ll either not use refunds, or use them and be punished for it. This leads to another interesting dynamic, as the paper points out “Since refund bonuses are riskier for less socially valuable campaigns, the use of refund bonuses could signal more socially valuable campaigns”.
I don’t know how much likelier to be funded would bad projects be, but my hunch is that it doesn’t make them more likely, and if it does then only by a little, which would be worth it given the huge increase in the amount of good projects that get funded. But to guard against it, we can stick to early backer refund schemes (which seem better anyway), that would prevent the hypothetical scenario where ‘fake’ backers accidentally get it too close to the finish line and then others push it over. This also might be another reason to limit bonus sizes, but that seems less important than only refunding early backers.
Still, even just partial backing that doesn’t push bad projects over the finish line can have an effect. Most people, including enough journalists and famous people, won’t understand all these dynamics, and when they see a terrible project getting backed they will treat it like a regular fundraiser.
Expect articles like “Make free money by backing this horrible Fundraiser!”, Followed by articles like “Terrible fundraiser asking for $10m receives $9m dollars. What does this say about our society?”, that don’t understand that what this means about our society is there’s a consensus that it’s a terrible idea that no one wants to fund.
Summary
I think this is a great idea that can have a very big positive impact. It also has some extra effects that aren’t obvious at first glance. It seems the best policy, both to maximize the funding frequency of beneficial projects and to decrease possible negative side effects of the system, is to offer refunds only for early backers, and perhaps also limit the bonus size. I hope to see crowdfunding platforms experiment with this idea.
Thanks MakoYass for the post that brought this to my attention.
“these are converted to U.S. dollars at a pre-announced 50-to-1 conversion rate. Subjects are paid for all project rounds and also received a US$5.00 fixed participation payment, and their total earnings averaged US$26.25 each.”
Thoughts on Crowdfunding with Refund Bonuses
Alex Tabarok suggests improving crowdfunding by letting fundraisers offer a bonus as compensation for anyone that gets a refund if the project fails. By doing that the fundraiser solves the coordination problem making non-funding the equilibrium:
But with refund bonuses:
He also highlights the importance of early backing to successfully fund projects, and refund bonuses, and especially refund bonuses only for early backers, incentivize early backing.
This is supported by a lab experiment (sci-hub) that tested various refund bonus schemes against the no-refunds baseline using a “lab-based fundraising platform with many main features of real-life crowdfunding such as asynchronous multiple contribution pledges over continuous time, constant updating of individual and aggregate pledge amounts until a fixed deadline, and simultaneously launched multiple fundraising campaigns. Each campaign lasts for two minutes, during which ten participating subjects can pledge their (multiple) contributions without any timing restrictions” where for each project, each participant is assigned a random value between 20 and 100 experimental dollars[1], which they get if the project is funded. The funding threshold for each project was set at 300 (experimental) dollars. For each project, participants could make as many contributions of any amount they want, which would instantly display for all other 9 participants. “In every period two alternative projects were available for potential contributions, with differing refund bonus rules for each”. Sessions included 20-30 periods. Overall, data was reported from 280 college students, non of which participated in more than one session.
The results were:
F3: bonus of $3 for total individual contribution ≥ $30.
F6: bonus of $6 for total individual contribution ≥ $30.
FE30: bonus of $6 for first 5 individuals with total individual contribution ≥ $30.
FE50: bonus of $6 for first 5 individuals with total individual contribution ≥ $50.
PE10: 10% bonus paid on contributions made during the first half of the contribution window.
P20 (not shown): 20% bonus on all contributions − 60.5% funding frequency.
PE20: 20% bonus paid on contributions made during the first half of the contribution window.
I think this is a great idea and I expect it to work if implemented. I hope to see crowdfunding platforms experiment with it.
With that said, there are some interesting possibilities to explore regarding this suggestion.
Why fundraisers have to fund the refund bonus (and not the platform)
If the platform funded the bonuses, people could create on purpose projects that would fail and back them in order to profit from the refund bonuses. There’s no such option if the fundraiser funds the bonuses.
Cost and Optionality
Putting the burden of funding the bonuses on the fundraiser makes fundraising more expensive, but not that much more expansive. Say you make a campaign with a $100,000 goal, and choose PE10 (10% bonus paid on contributions made during the first half of the contribution window). The most you’d have to pay is 10% of $99,999, but that’s unlikely to happen. If your campaign fails I expect it’s more likely to end up at about half the funding goal. In that case you’d only have to pay $5000 in bonuses. If we take into account that much of the support comes after the midpoint of the campaign, we can cut that amount further by a half or a third, to $3400-$2500. This seems far more manageable, and maybe you get most of the benefit even with lower bonuses and a shorter timeframe, this hasn’t been tested so we don’t know yet.
On top of that, the paper shows that fundraisers that do multiple fundraisers can pay for the bonuses in their failed projects with the profits from their successful project (which, remember, they have about 11% more of using PE10 refund bonuses and 52% more using PE20).
Still, I think this should be optional (and judging from the wording in the paper I think the authors agree), so those who don’t want to take any risk wouldn’t offer refunds and would have a lower chance of succeeding, while those who are willing to take the risk would offer refunds and have a higher chance of succeeding. I also think multiple refund schemes should be available, so fundraisers could choose the one that fits them most.
I also wonder if this will lead to some sort of two-step process that would let fundraisers crowdfund the funds for the refund bonuses and then do the main campaign with the crowdfunded refund bonuses.
Higher Goals
Here’s how I understand regular crowdfunding dynamics[2]: whether a person chooses to support or not is a function how likely they think it is to succeed and how likely they think it is that they can free-ride. So if the project asks for very little, it’s likely someone else will back the project instead of them so they refrain. If the project asks for too much, it’s unlikely it will get funded so there’s no point pledging anything. And there’s a range in the middle where that person both thinks it’s likely the project will get funded and unlikely they can free-ride, in which case they back it.
Refund bonuses completely change this dynamic, cause now the higher the goal (and the less likely a project is to get funded) the more you want to back it!
So if campaigns of all goal amounts get funded more frequently, and if there’s an incentive to back projects that have seemingly too high goals, then I think this allows projects to successfully ask for much more.
This is especially true for big companies that do many fundraisers and can finance high refund bonuses for the failed ones with the profits from the successful ones.
As far as I can tell, the projects that asked for the highest amount on Kickstarter and succeeded are Mystery Science Theater 3000 ($5.5m) and Torment: Tides of Numenera ($4.5m). How much higher could you go with refunds?
This is especially exciting for me because I’m interested in the possibility of funding intellectual goods with crowdfunding instead of intellectual property.
Disincentivizing Promotion
Fundraisers usually depend on backers sharing and promoting the project to get more backers onboard. The refund bonus is technically a disincentive to promote the project. If previously you would ‘lose’ X utility for the project failing, because you want it to succeed, now you lose
X - Ywhere Y is the refund bonus you would get if it fails. So the refund bonus should never be so high that it makes someone prefer the project to fail or to make them demotivated to promote it. The project succeeding should still clearly trump the project failing in the eyes of backers.A high enough refund bonus can create weird behaviors like backing the project, and then trying to convince others that it’s awful or that its creators are awful and shouldn’t be supported in order to gain the refund bonuses.
I think this suggests that optimal refund bonuses are actually fairly cheap, and wouldn’t be a problem for most fundraisers. Even rich fundraisers who are confidant in their product might not want to offer a big refund bonus because of that.
Still, unless the refund bonus is very high or the value of the project is very low, I don’t expect this to be a problem.
Harmful Projects
Until now we only considered projects that are beneficial to society (or at least to the backers), but some projects can be harmful. Maybe they’re trying to fund some addictive game, propaganda, or some dangerous technology.
Without a refund bonus no one wants to back a harmful project. With refund bonuses people have an incentive to be early backers of harmful projects if they think they won’t achieve full backing (but it still doesn’t incentivize late backers to push it over the edge. That might still happen by accident, though). People will probably even do that as a deliberate attempt to punish the fundraiser for trying to raise for a bad project.
Creators of such projects are disincentivized to use refund bonuses, as they’re very likely to have to pay them. In most cases they’ll either not use refunds, or use them and be punished for it. This leads to another interesting dynamic, as the paper points out “Since refund bonuses are riskier for less socially valuable campaigns, the use of refund bonuses could signal more socially valuable campaigns”.
I don’t know how much likelier to be funded would bad projects be, but my hunch is that it doesn’t make them more likely, and if it does then only by a little, which would be worth it given the huge increase in the amount of good projects that get funded. But to guard against it, we can stick to early backer refund schemes (which seem better anyway), that would prevent the hypothetical scenario where ‘fake’ backers accidentally get it too close to the finish line and then others push it over. This also might be another reason to limit bonus sizes, but that seems less important than only refunding early backers.
Still, even just partial backing that doesn’t push bad projects over the finish line can have an effect. Most people, including enough journalists and famous people, won’t understand all these dynamics, and when they see a terrible project getting backed they will treat it like a regular fundraiser.
Expect articles like “Make free money by backing this horrible Fundraiser!”, Followed by articles like “Terrible fundraiser asking for $10m receives $9m dollars. What does this say about our society?”, that don’t understand that what this means about our society is there’s a consensus that it’s a terrible idea that no one wants to fund.
Summary
I think this is a great idea that can have a very big positive impact. It also has some extra effects that aren’t obvious at first glance. It seems the best policy, both to maximize the funding frequency of beneficial projects and to decrease possible negative side effects of the system, is to offer refunds only for early backers, and perhaps also limit the bonus size. I hope to see crowdfunding platforms experiment with this idea.
Thanks MakoYass for the post that brought this to my attention.
“these are converted to U.S. dollars at a pre-announced 50-to-1 conversion rate. Subjects are paid for all project rounds and also received a US$5.00 fixed participation payment, and their total earnings averaged US$26.25 each.”
Assuming a backer who wants the project to succeed, and ignoring backer rewards