This post may get downvoted, as I suspect it’s of low value and low interest to a lot of readers. You shouldn’t take this personally.
For what it’s worth, I admire your approach, though it’s based on incorrect assumptions. Trying to calculate whether someone is attracted to you will not end well. Researching psychology for romantic reasons will probably also not end well.
People solve this problem by making bigger and bigger signals at each other, until either one side stops making the bigger signals or until the signals are so big you can’t ignore them, (also known as “flirting”). If this sounds hard and unreliable, that’s because it is. It takes a lot of practice to get good at this. You would be best advised to practice talking to people while trying to figure out how they feel about the conversation instead of carrying out this sort of research.
If that’s the criteria for being in a more highly promoted content class, we select for controversy and attention hijackers that compel commentary.
Lots of smart people read Less Wrong. If you think it would be valuable for lots of smart people to read your thing (because it’s important, valuable, high-quality, whatever), put it in Discussion or Main. If twenty smart people is enough, put it in an open thread.
I consider karma votes to be a better tool to give people an idea whether it’s valuable to read something.
The open thread format doesn’t work well for issues with a lot of comments.
I have no problem with getting downvoted, If my aproach seems stupid to other people it is good for me to know that. I am also aware that you cannot find exact percentages when it comes to what other peole think about you. Hovever as far as I know in general it is important to know the prior of an event if you want to get a feeling about how probable it is. Or am I wrong here?
I see that this does not fully apply to flirting because there you have signals that are very obvious and cant be misinterpreted. Hovever you also have ambigious signals. It happens that people flirt and one person gets the wrong impression about what the other meant.
If lets say every second person had a crush on you and you flirt with them, then you would not need to do much to be reasonably sure that you understood them right. However if lets say only one in a million people had a crush on you it would be much more likely that signals you got where actually caused by something else. And if this is true the prior would be relevant.
The second part of my post about how signals raise the probability might be a stupid, but I still don’t see why knowing a rough figure for the prior chance of someone having a crush on you would not be helpfull. Can anyone please explain to me where the error in my thinking is?
It’s important to note that the base rate of people finding other people attractive is different from the base rate of other people finding you attractive. You’re way more interested in the second question than you are the first question, but no amount of polling people on the internet can answer that question for you.
It’s a bit like learning to juggle. You can’t learn to juggle just by reading books and imagining how balls get thrown and how fast they fall. To learn how to do it, you’ve got to throw some balls up in the air. You’ve got to figure out how your body and brain deal with throwing and catching, and then you’ve got to learn how to control it. To begin with, you’re going to drop a lot of balls, but that’s not the worst thing in the world that can happen.
That is indeed another problem I did not consider. It definitely decreases the value of knowing how many people others have a crush on in general. But still, the fact how many people have a crush on me in particular should be somewhat correlated to how many people they have a crush on in general. Since, as you pointed out, it is impossible for me to get the specific percentage for myself I’ll have to go with the general one.
Concerning your juggling comparison. Maybe I did not express myself clearly. If you want to find out if someone likes you, then of course the most important thing is interacting with him/her. It is way more important than knowing the prior. I do not expect that after finding out the prior and reading about flirting signals I will be able to skip Interacting with people. I believe it will help me interpreting the interaction with people the right way.
The only way I can see the prior being irrelevant is when flirting signals are 100% perfect filters. Let us say I am flirting with someone and giving a signal and getting a response. If that person gives that response 100% to a person she has a crush on and 0% to a person she does not have a crush on than the prior would indeed be irrelevant. If however this person gives the response with 100% Chance to a Person he/she has a crush on, but also with 50% chance to a person he/she just likes as a friend, then this signal will only help me differentiate between the states “friend” and “love intrest” with 50% probability. And now it becomes relevant on how many of his/her friends this person has a crush.
Let us say the person has 10 friends and has a crush on 5 of them. Than on average he/she would give 5 correct positive signals 2.5 false positive signals and 2.5 correct negative signals. So if I get a positive signal, than that means that with a probability of 2⁄3 that person would have a crush on me and with a probability of 1⁄3 he/she would not.
If that same person would only have a crush on one of his/her 10 friends than on average he/she would give 1 correct positive signal 4,5 false positive signals and 4,5 correct negative signals. So if I would get a positive signal in this case than with a probability of 18% (1/4.5+1)) that person would have a crush on me and with probability of 82% (4.5/4.5+1)) he or she would not have a crush on me.
So in the first case I am reasonably sure that the other person has a crush on me and can proceed giving more obvious hints, while in the second case I should still gather more information before moving on to the next stage.
I am of course aware that in real live I will not know the exact probability for how often a certain signal is given to a friend or a love interest, but I can still get acceptable estimates for that.
Is there anything wrong with this reasoning or do you just thing that flirting signals are usually 100% perfect filters?
Flirting signals aren’t just positive and negative.
If a girl is nervous when around you when she isn’t nervous while around other people and there no real reason to be nervous, that can be a sign that she has a crush.
At the same time it can also be a sign that a girl likes you when she’s very relaxed while around you, has open body language and is comfortable with physical touch. Crucially more comfortable being touched by you than being touched by other people.
There are various things wrong with this reasoning, but I don’t think you’re getting my general point: this entire approach is misguided and it will not lead you to good outcomes.
I accept that you and most people here think this aproach is not helpfull. I will therefor abandon it. However you said that there are various other things wrong with my reasoning even if the aproach was not generally bad. Is my general process of asigning probabilities to believes wrong? Would the thing I did in the following paragraph also be wrong in an abstract scenario, where I would for example want to differentiate between blue and red balls instead of someone having a crush on me or not?
″ If however this person gives the response with 100% Chance to a Person he/she has a crush on, but also with 50% chance to a person he/she just likes as a friend, then this signal will only help me differentiate between the states “friend” and “love intrest” with 50% probability. And now it becomes relevant on how many of his/her friends this person has a crush.
Let us say the person has 10 friends and has a crush on 5 of them. Than on average he/she would give 5 correct positive signals 2.5 false positive signals and 2.5 correct negative signals. So if I get a positive signal, than that means that with a probability of 2⁄3 that person would have a crush on me and with a probability of 1⁄3 he/she would not.”
My claim is that your model is far too simple to model the complexities of human attraction.
Let’s use your example of pulling red and blue balls from an urn. Consider an urn with ten blue balls and five red balls. In a “classical” universe, you would expect to draw a red ball from this urn one time in three. A simple probabilistic model works here.
In a “romantic” universe, the individual balls don’t have colours yet. They’re in an indeterminate state. They may have tendencies towards being red or blue, but if you go to the urn and say “based on previous observations of people pulling balls out of this urn, the ball I’m about to pull out should be red one third of the time”, they will almost always be blue. Lots of different things you might do when sampling a ball from the urn might change its colour.
In such a universe, it would be very hard to model coloured balls in an urn. As far as people being attracted to other people are concerned, we live in such a universe.
My claim is that your model is far too simple to model the complexities of human attraction.
Probably. But that doesn’t mean that it can’t be modelled. Or are you instead claiming that it shouldn’t be modelled?
The first can be remedied by better models—and starting with a simple approximate model surely isn’t a bad first step. The latter can’t be fixed by modelling obviously.
People solve this problem by making bigger and bigger signals at each other, until either one side stops making the bigger signals or until the signals are so big you can’t ignore them, (also known as “flirting”).
Signals are one part of the solution of course, but one thing that’s really important in practice is showing off: doing things and acting out behaviors that will give the other side a good impression of yourself. The nice thing about doing this is that you’re sending all sorts of positive signals at the same time. Good qualities of course, but also saying that you know what sorts of showoffs are appreciated. It’s also a good signal that (a) you’re attracted to them yourself, and would feel good about it if the attraction was mutual, but (b) you also value your autonomy and know that mutual attraction cannot be counted on. You most likely are not going to get clingy and dependent—a prospect many are worried about.
All in all, I’m not sure what other things could successfully send this kind of valued, targeted info. Of course there’s a big amount of subtlety in showing off as in anything else, but if there’s one thing you want to keep in mind about the rational and game-theoretic side of relationships, maybe this should be it.
People solve this problem by making bigger and bigger signals at each other, until either one side stops making the bigger signals or until the signals are so big you can’t ignore them, (also known as “flirting”)
Is that so? If yes I’d like to really highlight that because at least for me that would be new and valuable information (introvert speaking here). Or is this a culture-specific ‘protocol’?
The extend to which people engage in plausible deniable signals is culture specific.
I know a guy who’s good with women who goes by the principle that whenever he would like more intimacy with a woman he voices that desire in the NVC way. For him not standing up for his own desire would be not respecting himself enough to believe his desire is important.
There are social circles where it works to say: “Hey, I would really like to interact with you and feel uncomfortable because at the moment I don’t see a good way to start an interaction. I would like to cuddle with you today.”
There are cultures and social circles where girls play hard to get, there are cultures where they don’t.
I’m pretty sure flirting works more or less the same in most of the Western world. As a general strategy for gauging interest with plausible deniability, I imagine it’s universal.
Also if the base-rate for crushes and infatuations were known you could calibrate yourself against that which would help to better deal with rejection and lack of crushes.
1) It’s largely pointless in terms of one’s behaviour and psychological well-being. If you have an all-consuming infatuation and you’re not acting on it, the reason for not acting probably isn’t because some test statistic hasn’t crossed a predesignated threshold.
2) The whole sentiment of “I will calculate your love for me” is attached to a cluster of non-attractive features that probably get binned as “creepy”. No, this isn’t right. No, this isn’t fair. But it is the case.
3) The notion of a “prior” on other people being attracted to you is essentially asking “how attractive am I?” This is information that can’t be deduced by observing other people’s romantic behaviour, any more than you can measure your own height by reading about other people’s height.
Your attractiveness is not some inherent frequency by which people think you’re attractive: it’s made up of all the attributes and behaviours that people like about you. Maybe you should figure out what those things are and how to make them shine more, rather than trying to guess the odds on any given person finding you attractive.
2) The whole sentiment of “I will calculate your love for me” is attached to a cluster of non-attractive features that probably get binned as “creepy”. No, this isn’t right. No, this isn’t fair. But it is the case.
Quite sure HughRistik went over this, but the creepiness factor is pretty much the research of the whole routine flirting stuff that happens. Courting is the right word, I think.
But it’s specifically that, though. Interestingly I think it’s not uncommon for people to take a few actions, add them up and say “this person likes me”. The opposite is quite true, too. The problem with those is that they’re rather imprecise, so we can’t know for sure. Unlike the research method which will recursively build upon itself until it has a good model. Precise vs imprecise, that’s pretty damn creepy.
Since not everyone thinks my approach is totally wrong like it seemed in the beginning I will re-enter this discussion although I said that I would abandon the approach. I did plan to abandon it, not because I understood why it was completely wrong but because I saw the massive dislike of it as enough evidence to believe it is wrong.
Concerning 1)
As I mentioned my point was not to do nothing, try to analyse and then come to some kind of result whether another person likes you. It is to assign probabilities on whether that person has a crush on you in order to decide how to act.
Concerning 2) If you decide to do certain things in the process of flirting you always assign probabilities to whether to person has a crush on you or not. If this would not be the case than there would be no development in the flirting process. You would give exactly the same signals at the beginning and at the end. You only progress to more obvious signals because based on what you have seen before you think it is more probable that that person likes you. The only question is do you let your subconscious assign the probabilities or do you make a conscious effort to do that. Most people will let their subconscious assign the probabilities. I agree that a lot of people will find it creepy if I decide to make conscious decisions here, but A) I do not have to let them know that I make a conscious decision and B) those people would probably also have problems with me making conscious decisions on other issues where they do not and if a person is not willing to accept that that is how I make my decisions it is probably the wrong person anyway.
Concerning 3) yes my attractiveness something specific to me. But my attractiveness is not the only factor deciding how likely it is for someone to have a crush on me. I am not sure how to explain this properly, but in a world where every person would only have a crush on someone once in his/her entire life the chance of someone having a crush on me would be lower than in a world where people on average have a crush on a hundred people during their life. In the second world there are just way more crushes to be distributed and I don’t see why regardless of my attractiveness I should not get more of them. Therefore I think it is relevant to know how many crushes other people have in general. Of course I cannot say that the prior for someone having a crush on me is the same as the average prior of people having a crush on other people in general. But my believe about the prior for myself should be related to the average prior.
2) The whole sentiment of “I will calculate your love for me” is attached to a cluster of non-attractive features that probably get binned as “creepy”. No, this isn’t right. No, this isn’t fair.
Maybe it’s even right. It’s behavior that makes people uncomfortable. I don’t see a reason why people shouldn’t shun you for making them uncomfortable.
I’d argue it’s behavior that -should- make people uncomfortable. “-I- will calculate -your- love for -me-”, as a thought somebody might express, screams “predator” in my brain. Anybody for whom this is a natural approach to other people doesn’t see other people as complex minds, but as collections of variables. Variables that are quite easy to shift and adjust if they possess even relatively poor manipulative abilities.
Well, yes. But phrasing matters. The choice of one word over another reveals something of the thought processes underlying the statement. Calculation implies something to be calculated, something that can be calculated, numbers that can be nudged this way or that.
More, anybody -capable- of reducing the complexity of somebody else’s mind to simple equations is in a position of intellectual dominance over them, a mind of a greater order of magnitude; in order for a mind to be calculable, it can’t be reflective. Calculating somebody else’s mind requires that they not be able to calculate the fact that you’re calculating them, not be able to reflect what’s going on in your mind, even as you are able to reflect what is going on in theirs. This, by its nature, is not going to be an equal relationship. In the context of saying it to somebody, you’re telling them that you are in a position of considerable power over them. In the context of saying it to somebody whose affections are unknown, this statement of power becomes a threat. “You don’t love me now, but I can -make- you love me, because I know what all the numbers are and where to find them and what they mean.”
hm, yes, what you say sounds right. There surely are more powerful minds than others. People who can model others better than vice versa. And this brings power. But this a) doesn’t depend on being communicated (and the OP didn’t indicate whether it was meant to be communicated) and b) may also come from experience (more likely so as I read all these comments here).
What you seem to imply is that the OP accidentally or not would (want to) intimidate. And I can’t read that.
Surely one should never signal ‘I can control you’ to anybody—whether it be true or not. But that is not at issue here, or?
And then there is the question of whether it would be preferrable to have as a partner someone who is a match at this. Who would understand you when you think analytically about people.
It is an issue. There’s heavy overlap between analytical approaches to regarding other human beings and psychopathy. That’s what the “creepy” signal, in part, is signaling. It’s “creepy” in a there’s-a-spider-wearing-a-human-face-looking-at-me sense—human beings don’t do that kind of thing, thus, you can’t be a human being. As a rule, you don’t want to communicate that you’re not a human being. There are… severe social recriminations for doing so.
Intimidating somebody on those grounds is like having the spider pull its human face off and stare at you with mandibles clicking. It’s no longer concerned with looking human; you’re now food. So no, it’s not something you want to do, in any case, including when looking for other “spiders wearing human faces”. If you’re merely analytical, you’re sending the wrong signals.
If you think about other human beings analytically, and want to signal that to find other people who think about other human beings analytically, there are socially safer signals to use. Cynicism, for example.
There’s heavy overlap between analytical approaches to regarding other human beings and psychopathy.
Not sure how true this is. It’s a trope, to be sure, thanks partly to Hannibal Lecter and his various imitators. But I haven’t seen much in the wild to show that analytical thinking about other people is well correlated even with basic lack of empathy towards them, let alone full-blown psychopathy.
(Lack of sympathy, sure, but that points towards a cluster of personalities more in the neighborhood of autism or Asperger syndrome. Perhaps what’s going on in pop culture is some sort of outgroup homogeneity/all-weird-people-are-equal effect.)
Empathy is basically about engaging in actions because you feel an emotional impulse to engage in the action.
The person who can push the fat man from the bridge needs to shut of their empathy to do so.
Psychopaths are generally charming and manipulative. “Hannibal” is probably closer to a true psychopath than the “I will calculate your love for me” concept, because Hannibal doesn’t -need- to calculate, he already knows; he’s read it in your body language. Knowing what you’re thinking is what -enables- him to be charming and manipulative.
It’s important to distinguish that psychopaths aren’t necessarily analytic, they just share the most dangerous qualities in common with analytic people—the ability to tell, at a glance, that a man used to be fat, and a subtle suggestion that he’s letting himself go will result in an emotional breakdown later that evening.
I wonder if psychopaths are actually charming and manipulative in general, or if this is survivorship bias; any psychopaths that aren’t would get immediately caught and destroyed, either literally or figuratively.
In our society we have few lynch mobs that kill psychopaths.
To the extend that we succeed in catching psychopaths, those people that get caught are the basis for psychologists who study the traits of psychopaths.
Consider what’s going to happen to a psychopath who isn’t charming and manipulative. He’s going to try to take advantage of people, but without the traits that make him able to do so successfully, he’s going to constantly get caught doing it, fail, and burn through all his social capital. Constantly trying to take advantage of people and failing has a good chance of leaving you dead, in jail, in poverty, or homeless.
You may be right in the sense that nobody diagnoses him with psychopathy, but being caught doing bad things without a diagnosis is still being caught doing bad things, and still has a pretty negative effect.
The best he’s going to be able to do is recognize that he doesn’t have the skills to take advantage of people and not do it, in which case he’ll be mostly indistinguishable from a normal person.
You seem to be assuming a particularly stupid psychopath, one who doesn’t realize in which way he is different from neurotypicals.
Let me offer you some alternatives. A “psychopath who isn’t charming and manipulative” can enlist into the armed forces (or become a prison guard, a cop, etc.). He can lead an entirely normal life faking socially-acceptable amount of interaction and be considered just an introvert. He can become an extremist for a cause.
Constantly trying to take advantage of people and failing has a good chance of leaving you dead, in jail, in poverty, or homeless.
Studying psychopaths who are in prison is easier for psychologists than studying psychopaths who aren’t in prison.
Being in prison doesn’t get one out of the reference category but more likely to be in the reference category.
The best he’s going to be able to do is recognize that he doesn’t have the skills to take advantage of people and not do it, in which case he’ll be mostly indistinguishable from a normal person.
If you go throw the Hare checklist, how many of the points only apply when a person actively tries to take advantage of others? Maybe the point about “Cunning/manipulative” and “Parasitic lifestyle” but most of the items don’t.
It seems to me that you argue against a concept of psychopathy that doesn’t have much to do with it’s clinical definition.
If you go throw the Hare checklist, how many of the points only apply when a person actively tries to take advantage of others?
Of course you are correct. So change that to “The best he’s going to do is hide it, because he doesn’t have the skills to take advantage of it and not hiding it will get him into trouble.”
I assume ‘you’ refers to any reader. To be sure, just for the record: I do think analytically about everything—including people. But I’m not very good at putting myself into other peoples shoes, so I have difficulty modelling them. Thus my analysis of individuals is probably not better then most peoples modelling by experience. But one can still analyse peoples behaviors on average—and that is what I do and what I immediately (mis)read from the OP. How do people react on average? What can I expect over the long run. I do empathize strongly just in case you are wondering. So no, I’m no spider wearing a human face.
If you think about other human beings analytically, and want to signal that to find other people who think about other human beings analytically, there are socially safer signals to use. Cynicism, for example.
That is actually a good recommendation. It doesn’t help me because I can’t stand the negativity but it gives ideas how to signal. Comments about politics probably also count. Or meta comments about social activity in general. Do you have any positive examples?
You’re interested in more than a partner who thinks analytically—they have to be reasonably optimistic, as well. So comments about optimistic philosophies might work; Leibniz, maybe. “Progressive” ideologies are generally fairly optimistic, so politically, you’d want to talk about, say, John Dewey, Ralph Nader, Lester Ward, etc. Nietschze is a mixed bag; his early stuff is quite pessimistic, but his latter works are much more optimistic.
Alternatively, you can find correlations. My experience suggests you might find exactly what you’re looking for in Swing dancing partners.
Most people do feel emotions when they wonder whether or not another person loves them and those emotions affect behavior. If you try to do a calculation you push those emotions away, you try to let the numbers instead of your emotions affect your behavior.
Indeed. Or more precisely I try to inform my emotions with the numbers. But yes, the first impulse is to really understand what is going on before feeling what that means. And this gap is felt by the other side how wellmeaning it may be. But on the other hand it avoids the other way around: Being manipulated by spontaneous expression of emotions.
It seems to me that this discomfort is not a necessary product of the behavior. It may even be a cognitive bias, on the order of thinking that unconditional love is more powerful than conditional love. I submit that a rationalist should expect his or her prospective partners to “calculate their love” and not be afraid of the results.
Your statement has a nice “should” in it. The reason for people not to shun you is because their discomfort is based on a (debatably) flawed heuristic.
In many cases, discomfort is a natural part of changing one’s mind. I can see, though, why romance would be an exception. Discomfort due to unrequited affections, for example, is not evidence of an impending paradigm shift. Discomfort due to a rational calculus, however, might indicate a high likelihood of irrationality.
No, it has shouldn’t in it. Shouldn’t is the negation of should.
It seems to me that this discomfort is not a necessary product of the behavior.
It seems to me that way. I did have a reference experience with a Grinberg teacher who could switch that mode of anxiety on and off by conscious decision.
She demonstrated it during a talk and it felt uncomfortable to me. I though to myself: “You made your point, it feels uncomfortable, can you now move on?”. She has more physical presence than people who are shy by their nature.
Yet that’s a matter of degree. By interacting with people who do provide honest feedback I discover that I sometimes do make people uncomfortable by being in analytical mode.
I think that if you have a nerd with bad body odor it’s mostly that he feels uncomfortable with social interactions to the extends that his body produces substances to get other people to keep distance.
Discomfort due to unrequited affections
Why would you make a girl feel that with whom you would want a relationship to the extend that you are interested enough in her to ask her out?
If a girl does flirty to make you smile and instead of smiling you go in your head and think about whether or not that signal means that she likes you, you don’t make the interaction fun for her.
I’m looking at the possible causal relationships between certain actions and resultant discomfort. As I understand your argument, you believe that certain actions by one person will always result in discomfort by the other. I disagree, and I submit that the discomfort is a product of the original action and its response. In other words, if someone has made you feel uncomfortable, it may be possible for you to reduce that discomfort independently of the precipitating action. Your discomfort may be due to an irrational bias. This would be a reason not to shun someone for making you feel uncomfortable.
There is a difference between analyzing an action and communicating that you are analyzing an action. To speak to your concluding example, “smiling back” and, “[going] in your head and think about whether or not that signal means that she likes you,” are NOT mutually exclusive. With practice, you can do both at once. I would call this leveling up.
Why? Because it is ‘too rational’ (in the straw-vulcan sense of not emotional enough)?
Because it’s procrastination. The problem at hand is that one has trouble reading social signals. Any solution will involve lots and lots of experience (i.e. gathering enough real-world data for your brain to build the right mental structures). Trying to build a mathematical model seems like the sort of thing where you can put in a lot of work and pat yourself on the back for the effort, all while avoiding actually dealing with the problem.
People solve this problem by making bigger and bigger signals at each other, until either one side stops making the bigger signals or until the signals are so big you can’t ignore them, (also known as “flirting”).
Unfortunately there is the common failure mode where Alex keeps making bigger and bigger signals, while Billy makes no signals at all, but A interprets everything B does as maybe some kind of signal. So this method still relies on being able to tell, at least to some extent.
If you aren’t good at reading other people’s signals, then the following heuristic is a pretty good one:
If you like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is no.
If you don’t like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is yes.
This worked out well for my husband and me. I had told him I’d had a dream in which we were making love, and he asked a friend if that meant I liked him. And they told him yes, of course (or I’d not have told him even if I’d had the same dream). Been together for ~20 years now.
If you aren’t good at reading other people’s signals, then the following heuristic is a pretty good one: If you like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is no.
This heuristic is terrible if you’re trying to find a romantic partner since following it consistently will always lead you to believe that the people you’re interested in and whose reciprocal interest isn’t clear to you are not interested in you. If you live in a society where your potential partner isn’t supposed to make overt signals about their romantic interests (because of gender roles or something), this may result in never finding a partner.
Also, suggesting that people who “aren’t good at reading other people’s signals” should condition anything based on the presence of uncertainty about reciprocal interest seems like it’ll produce inconsistent results at best. In this case, I think they should take the potential failure mode and increase signaling until A (or a trusted friend) gives a unambiguous signal.
If you aren’t good at reading other people’s signals, then the following heuristic is a pretty good one:
If you like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is no.
If you don’t like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is yes.
So, whatever you want, the other person wants the opposite? That’s an awful heuristic! Remember, reverse stupidity is not intellegence!
So, whatever you want, the other person wants the opposite?
Nope. The rule is conditional on “wondering.” For the vast majority of people I meet, it doesn’t occur to me to wonder whether they have a crush on me. So if I’m wondering whether they like me, something unusual must have triggered it.
Similarly, if I like someone and they like me too, most of the time I don’t wonder about it, I know. So if I’m still puzzled as to whether they like me, then it’s because they don’t like me, but I’m trying to read non-signals as signals.
Similarly, if I like someone and they like me too, most of the time I don’t wonder about it, I know. So if I’m still puzzled as to whether they like me, then it’s because they don’t like me, but I’m trying to read non-signals as signals.
Maybe you’re overoptimistic, and try to “read non-signals as signals” but other people might be under-confident and not see signals which are there because they have difficulty imagining that someone could like them.
Of course, if you are even remotely credence calibrated in this matter, then uncertainty signifies … uncertainty.
This post may get downvoted, as I suspect it’s of low value and low interest to a lot of readers. You shouldn’t take this personally.
For what it’s worth, I admire your approach, though it’s based on incorrect assumptions. Trying to calculate whether someone is attracted to you will not end well. Researching psychology for romantic reasons will probably also not end well.
People solve this problem by making bigger and bigger signals at each other, until either one side stops making the bigger signals or until the signals are so big you can’t ignore them, (also known as “flirting”). If this sounds hard and unreliable, that’s because it is. It takes a lot of practice to get good at this. You would be best advised to practice talking to people while trying to figure out how they feel about the conversation instead of carrying out this sort of research.
This prob should be in the open thread.
I don’t think so, it’s drawing enough comments to have it’s own thread.
If that’s the criteria for being in a more highly promoted content class, we select for controversy and attention hijackers that compel commentary.
Lots of smart people read Less Wrong. If you think it would be valuable for lots of smart people to read your thing (because it’s important, valuable, high-quality, whatever), put it in Discussion or Main. If twenty smart people is enough, put it in an open thread.
I consider karma votes to be a better tool to give people an idea whether it’s valuable to read something. The open thread format doesn’t work well for issues with a lot of comments.
I have no problem with getting downvoted, If my aproach seems stupid to other people it is good for me to know that. I am also aware that you cannot find exact percentages when it comes to what other peole think about you. Hovever as far as I know in general it is important to know the prior of an event if you want to get a feeling about how probable it is. Or am I wrong here?
I see that this does not fully apply to flirting because there you have signals that are very obvious and cant be misinterpreted. Hovever you also have ambigious signals. It happens that people flirt and one person gets the wrong impression about what the other meant.
If lets say every second person had a crush on you and you flirt with them, then you would not need to do much to be reasonably sure that you understood them right. However if lets say only one in a million people had a crush on you it would be much more likely that signals you got where actually caused by something else. And if this is true the prior would be relevant.
The second part of my post about how signals raise the probability might be a stupid, but I still don’t see why knowing a rough figure for the prior chance of someone having a crush on you would not be helpfull. Can anyone please explain to me where the error in my thinking is?
It’s important to note that the base rate of people finding other people attractive is different from the base rate of other people finding you attractive. You’re way more interested in the second question than you are the first question, but no amount of polling people on the internet can answer that question for you.
It’s a bit like learning to juggle. You can’t learn to juggle just by reading books and imagining how balls get thrown and how fast they fall. To learn how to do it, you’ve got to throw some balls up in the air. You’ve got to figure out how your body and brain deal with throwing and catching, and then you’ve got to learn how to control it. To begin with, you’re going to drop a lot of balls, but that’s not the worst thing in the world that can happen.
That is indeed another problem I did not consider. It definitely decreases the value of knowing how many people others have a crush on in general. But still, the fact how many people have a crush on me in particular should be somewhat correlated to how many people they have a crush on in general. Since, as you pointed out, it is impossible for me to get the specific percentage for myself I’ll have to go with the general one.
Concerning your juggling comparison. Maybe I did not express myself clearly. If you want to find out if someone likes you, then of course the most important thing is interacting with him/her. It is way more important than knowing the prior. I do not expect that after finding out the prior and reading about flirting signals I will be able to skip Interacting with people. I believe it will help me interpreting the interaction with people the right way.
The only way I can see the prior being irrelevant is when flirting signals are 100% perfect filters. Let us say I am flirting with someone and giving a signal and getting a response. If that person gives that response 100% to a person she has a crush on and 0% to a person she does not have a crush on than the prior would indeed be irrelevant. If however this person gives the response with 100% Chance to a Person he/she has a crush on, but also with 50% chance to a person he/she just likes as a friend, then this signal will only help me differentiate between the states “friend” and “love intrest” with 50% probability. And now it becomes relevant on how many of his/her friends this person has a crush.
Let us say the person has 10 friends and has a crush on 5 of them. Than on average he/she would give 5 correct positive signals 2.5 false positive signals and 2.5 correct negative signals. So if I get a positive signal, than that means that with a probability of 2⁄3 that person would have a crush on me and with a probability of 1⁄3 he/she would not.
If that same person would only have a crush on one of his/her 10 friends than on average he/she would give 1 correct positive signal 4,5 false positive signals and 4,5 correct negative signals. So if I would get a positive signal in this case than with a probability of 18% (1/4.5+1)) that person would have a crush on me and with probability of 82% (4.5/4.5+1)) he or she would not have a crush on me.
So in the first case I am reasonably sure that the other person has a crush on me and can proceed giving more obvious hints, while in the second case I should still gather more information before moving on to the next stage.
I am of course aware that in real live I will not know the exact probability for how often a certain signal is given to a friend or a love interest, but I can still get acceptable estimates for that.
Is there anything wrong with this reasoning or do you just thing that flirting signals are usually 100% perfect filters?
Flirting signals aren’t just positive and negative.
If a girl is nervous when around you when she isn’t nervous while around other people and there no real reason to be nervous, that can be a sign that she has a crush.
At the same time it can also be a sign that a girl likes you when she’s very relaxed while around you, has open body language and is comfortable with physical touch. Crucially more comfortable being touched by you than being touched by other people.
There are various things wrong with this reasoning, but I don’t think you’re getting my general point: this entire approach is misguided and it will not lead you to good outcomes.
I accept that you and most people here think this aproach is not helpfull. I will therefor abandon it. However you said that there are various other things wrong with my reasoning even if the aproach was not generally bad. Is my general process of asigning probabilities to believes wrong? Would the thing I did in the following paragraph also be wrong in an abstract scenario, where I would for example want to differentiate between blue and red balls instead of someone having a crush on me or not?
″ If however this person gives the response with 100% Chance to a Person he/she has a crush on, but also with 50% chance to a person he/she just likes as a friend, then this signal will only help me differentiate between the states “friend” and “love intrest” with 50% probability. And now it becomes relevant on how many of his/her friends this person has a crush.
Let us say the person has 10 friends and has a crush on 5 of them. Than on average he/she would give 5 correct positive signals 2.5 false positive signals and 2.5 correct negative signals. So if I get a positive signal, than that means that with a probability of 2⁄3 that person would have a crush on me and with a probability of 1⁄3 he/she would not.”
I haven’t yet abandoned this approach and I’m not sure you should do so either. At least not until some more comments on this topic have come in.
My claim is that your model is far too simple to model the complexities of human attraction.
Let’s use your example of pulling red and blue balls from an urn. Consider an urn with ten blue balls and five red balls. In a “classical” universe, you would expect to draw a red ball from this urn one time in three. A simple probabilistic model works here.
In a “romantic” universe, the individual balls don’t have colours yet. They’re in an indeterminate state. They may have tendencies towards being red or blue, but if you go to the urn and say “based on previous observations of people pulling balls out of this urn, the ball I’m about to pull out should be red one third of the time”, they will almost always be blue. Lots of different things you might do when sampling a ball from the urn might change its colour.
In such a universe, it would be very hard to model coloured balls in an urn. As far as people being attracted to other people are concerned, we live in such a universe.
Probably. But that doesn’t mean that it can’t be modelled. Or are you instead claiming that it shouldn’t be modelled?
The first can be remedied by better models—and starting with a simple approximate model surely isn’t a bad first step. The latter can’t be fixed by modelling obviously.
For what it’s worth I don’t think it is of low value and it is of interest to me. If only because I tried to answer this same question too.
Signals are one part of the solution of course, but one thing that’s really important in practice is showing off: doing things and acting out behaviors that will give the other side a good impression of yourself. The nice thing about doing this is that you’re sending all sorts of positive signals at the same time. Good qualities of course, but also saying that you know what sorts of showoffs are appreciated. It’s also a good signal that (a) you’re attracted to them yourself, and would feel good about it if the attraction was mutual, but (b) you also value your autonomy and know that mutual attraction cannot be counted on. You most likely are not going to get clingy and dependent—a prospect many are worried about.
All in all, I’m not sure what other things could successfully send this kind of valued, targeted info. Of course there’s a big amount of subtlety in showing off as in anything else, but if there’s one thing you want to keep in mind about the rational and game-theoretic side of relationships, maybe this should be it.
Is that so? If yes I’d like to really highlight that because at least for me that would be new and valuable information (introvert speaking here). Or is this a culture-specific ‘protocol’?
The extend to which people engage in plausible deniable signals is culture specific.
I know a guy who’s good with women who goes by the principle that whenever he would like more intimacy with a woman he voices that desire in the NVC way. For him not standing up for his own desire would be not respecting himself enough to believe his desire is important.
There are social circles where it works to say: “Hey, I would really like to interact with you and feel uncomfortable because at the moment I don’t see a good way to start an interaction. I would like to cuddle with you today.”
There are cultures and social circles where girls play hard to get, there are cultures where they don’t.
I’m pretty sure flirting works more or less the same in most of the Western world. As a general strategy for gauging interest with plausible deniability, I imagine it’s universal.
Why? Because it is ‘too rational’ (in the straw-vulcan sense of not emotional enough)?
Some time ago there was a post about the Law of Gendlin being problematic on emotional topics but I don’t think that is settled.
Also if the base-rate for crushes and infatuations were known you could calibrate yourself against that which would help to better deal with rejection and lack of crushes.
1) It’s largely pointless in terms of one’s behaviour and psychological well-being. If you have an all-consuming infatuation and you’re not acting on it, the reason for not acting probably isn’t because some test statistic hasn’t crossed a predesignated threshold.
2) The whole sentiment of “I will calculate your love for me” is attached to a cluster of non-attractive features that probably get binned as “creepy”. No, this isn’t right. No, this isn’t fair. But it is the case.
3) The notion of a “prior” on other people being attracted to you is essentially asking “how attractive am I?” This is information that can’t be deduced by observing other people’s romantic behaviour, any more than you can measure your own height by reading about other people’s height.
Your attractiveness is not some inherent frequency by which people think you’re attractive: it’s made up of all the attributes and behaviours that people like about you. Maybe you should figure out what those things are and how to make them shine more, rather than trying to guess the odds on any given person finding you attractive.
Quite sure HughRistik went over this, but the creepiness factor is pretty much the research of the whole routine flirting stuff that happens. Courting is the right word, I think.
But it’s specifically that, though. Interestingly I think it’s not uncommon for people to take a few actions, add them up and say “this person likes me”. The opposite is quite true, too. The problem with those is that they’re rather imprecise, so we can’t know for sure. Unlike the research method which will recursively build upon itself until it has a good model. Precise vs imprecise, that’s pretty damn creepy.
Since not everyone thinks my approach is totally wrong like it seemed in the beginning I will re-enter this discussion although I said that I would abandon the approach. I did plan to abandon it, not because I understood why it was completely wrong but because I saw the massive dislike of it as enough evidence to believe it is wrong.
Concerning 1)
As I mentioned my point was not to do nothing, try to analyse and then come to some kind of result whether another person likes you. It is to assign probabilities on whether that person has a crush on you in order to decide how to act.
Concerning 2) If you decide to do certain things in the process of flirting you always assign probabilities to whether to person has a crush on you or not. If this would not be the case than there would be no development in the flirting process. You would give exactly the same signals at the beginning and at the end. You only progress to more obvious signals because based on what you have seen before you think it is more probable that that person likes you. The only question is do you let your subconscious assign the probabilities or do you make a conscious effort to do that. Most people will let their subconscious assign the probabilities. I agree that a lot of people will find it creepy if I decide to make conscious decisions here, but A) I do not have to let them know that I make a conscious decision and B) those people would probably also have problems with me making conscious decisions on other issues where they do not and if a person is not willing to accept that that is how I make my decisions it is probably the wrong person anyway.
Concerning 3) yes my attractiveness something specific to me. But my attractiveness is not the only factor deciding how likely it is for someone to have a crush on me. I am not sure how to explain this properly, but in a world where every person would only have a crush on someone once in his/her entire life the chance of someone having a crush on me would be lower than in a world where people on average have a crush on a hundred people during their life. In the second world there are just way more crushes to be distributed and I don’t see why regardless of my attractiveness I should not get more of them. Therefore I think it is relevant to know how many crushes other people have in general. Of course I cannot say that the prior for someone having a crush on me is the same as the average prior of people having a crush on other people in general. But my believe about the prior for myself should be related to the average prior.
Maybe it’s even right. It’s behavior that makes people uncomfortable. I don’t see a reason why people shouldn’t shun you for making them uncomfortable.
I’d argue it’s behavior that -should- make people uncomfortable. “-I- will calculate -your- love for -me-”, as a thought somebody might express, screams “predator” in my brain. Anybody for whom this is a natural approach to other people doesn’t see other people as complex minds, but as collections of variables. Variables that are quite easy to shift and adjust if they possess even relatively poor manipulative abilities.
That seems to be the phrasing.
“I wonder whether he loves me” sounds quite natural and expresses the same uncertainty.
Well, yes. But phrasing matters. The choice of one word over another reveals something of the thought processes underlying the statement. Calculation implies something to be calculated, something that can be calculated, numbers that can be nudged this way or that.
More, anybody -capable- of reducing the complexity of somebody else’s mind to simple equations is in a position of intellectual dominance over them, a mind of a greater order of magnitude; in order for a mind to be calculable, it can’t be reflective. Calculating somebody else’s mind requires that they not be able to calculate the fact that you’re calculating them, not be able to reflect what’s going on in your mind, even as you are able to reflect what is going on in theirs. This, by its nature, is not going to be an equal relationship. In the context of saying it to somebody, you’re telling them that you are in a position of considerable power over them. In the context of saying it to somebody whose affections are unknown, this statement of power becomes a threat. “You don’t love me now, but I can -make- you love me, because I know what all the numbers are and where to find them and what they mean.”
hm, yes, what you say sounds right. There surely are more powerful minds than others. People who can model others better than vice versa. And this brings power. But this a) doesn’t depend on being communicated (and the OP didn’t indicate whether it was meant to be communicated) and b) may also come from experience (more likely so as I read all these comments here).
What you seem to imply is that the OP accidentally or not would (want to) intimidate. And I can’t read that. Surely one should never signal ‘I can control you’ to anybody—whether it be true or not. But that is not at issue here, or?
And then there is the question of whether it would be preferrable to have as a partner someone who is a match at this. Who would understand you when you think analytically about people.
It is an issue. There’s heavy overlap between analytical approaches to regarding other human beings and psychopathy. That’s what the “creepy” signal, in part, is signaling. It’s “creepy” in a there’s-a-spider-wearing-a-human-face-looking-at-me sense—human beings don’t do that kind of thing, thus, you can’t be a human being. As a rule, you don’t want to communicate that you’re not a human being. There are… severe social recriminations for doing so.
Intimidating somebody on those grounds is like having the spider pull its human face off and stare at you with mandibles clicking. It’s no longer concerned with looking human; you’re now food. So no, it’s not something you want to do, in any case, including when looking for other “spiders wearing human faces”. If you’re merely analytical, you’re sending the wrong signals.
If you think about other human beings analytically, and want to signal that to find other people who think about other human beings analytically, there are socially safer signals to use. Cynicism, for example.
Not sure how true this is. It’s a trope, to be sure, thanks partly to Hannibal Lecter and his various imitators. But I haven’t seen much in the wild to show that analytical thinking about other people is well correlated even with basic lack of empathy towards them, let alone full-blown psychopathy.
(Lack of sympathy, sure, but that points towards a cluster of personalities more in the neighborhood of autism or Asperger syndrome. Perhaps what’s going on in pop culture is some sort of outgroup homogeneity/all-weird-people-are-equal effect.)
Empathy is basically about engaging in actions because you feel an emotional impulse to engage in the action. The person who can push the fat man from the bridge needs to shut of their empathy to do so.
Psychopaths are generally charming and manipulative. “Hannibal” is probably closer to a true psychopath than the “I will calculate your love for me” concept, because Hannibal doesn’t -need- to calculate, he already knows; he’s read it in your body language. Knowing what you’re thinking is what -enables- him to be charming and manipulative.
It’s important to distinguish that psychopaths aren’t necessarily analytic, they just share the most dangerous qualities in common with analytic people—the ability to tell, at a glance, that a man used to be fat, and a subtle suggestion that he’s letting himself go will result in an emotional breakdown later that evening.
I wonder if psychopaths are actually charming and manipulative in general, or if this is survivorship bias; any psychopaths that aren’t would get immediately caught and destroyed, either literally or figuratively.
In our society we have few lynch mobs that kill psychopaths.
To the extend that we succeed in catching psychopaths, those people that get caught are the basis for psychologists who study the traits of psychopaths.
Consider what’s going to happen to a psychopath who isn’t charming and manipulative. He’s going to try to take advantage of people, but without the traits that make him able to do so successfully, he’s going to constantly get caught doing it, fail, and burn through all his social capital. Constantly trying to take advantage of people and failing has a good chance of leaving you dead, in jail, in poverty, or homeless.
You may be right in the sense that nobody diagnoses him with psychopathy, but being caught doing bad things without a diagnosis is still being caught doing bad things, and still has a pretty negative effect.
The best he’s going to be able to do is recognize that he doesn’t have the skills to take advantage of people and not do it, in which case he’ll be mostly indistinguishable from a normal person.
You seem to be assuming a particularly stupid psychopath, one who doesn’t realize in which way he is different from neurotypicals.
Let me offer you some alternatives. A “psychopath who isn’t charming and manipulative” can enlist into the armed forces (or become a prison guard, a cop, etc.). He can lead an entirely normal life faking socially-acceptable amount of interaction and be considered just an introvert. He can become an extremist for a cause.
Studying psychopaths who are in prison is easier for psychologists than studying psychopaths who aren’t in prison. Being in prison doesn’t get one out of the reference category but more likely to be in the reference category.
If you go throw the Hare checklist, how many of the points only apply when a person actively tries to take advantage of others? Maybe the point about “Cunning/manipulative” and “Parasitic lifestyle” but most of the items don’t.
It seems to me that you argue against a concept of psychopathy that doesn’t have much to do with it’s clinical definition.
Of course you are correct. So change that to “The best he’s going to do is hide it, because he doesn’t have the skills to take advantage of it and not hiding it will get him into trouble.”
I assume ‘you’ refers to any reader. To be sure, just for the record: I do think analytically about everything—including people. But I’m not very good at putting myself into other peoples shoes, so I have difficulty modelling them. Thus my analysis of individuals is probably not better then most peoples modelling by experience. But one can still analyse peoples behaviors on average—and that is what I do and what I immediately (mis)read from the OP. How do people react on average? What can I expect over the long run. I do empathize strongly just in case you are wondering. So no, I’m no spider wearing a human face.
That is actually a good recommendation. It doesn’t help me because I can’t stand the negativity but it gives ideas how to signal. Comments about politics probably also count. Or meta comments about social activity in general. Do you have any positive examples?
You’re interested in more than a partner who thinks analytically—they have to be reasonably optimistic, as well. So comments about optimistic philosophies might work; Leibniz, maybe. “Progressive” ideologies are generally fairly optimistic, so politically, you’d want to talk about, say, John Dewey, Ralph Nader, Lester Ward, etc. Nietschze is a mixed bag; his early stuff is quite pessimistic, but his latter works are much more optimistic.
Alternatively, you can find correlations. My experience suggests you might find exactly what you’re looking for in Swing dancing partners.
Thank you very much!
Most people do feel emotions when they wonder whether or not another person loves them and those emotions affect behavior. If you try to do a calculation you push those emotions away, you try to let the numbers instead of your emotions affect your behavior.
Indeed. Or more precisely I try to inform my emotions with the numbers. But yes, the first impulse is to really understand what is going on before feeling what that means. And this gap is felt by the other side how wellmeaning it may be. But on the other hand it avoids the other way around: Being manipulated by spontaneous expression of emotions.
It seems to me that this discomfort is not a necessary product of the behavior. It may even be a cognitive bias, on the order of thinking that unconditional love is more powerful than conditional love. I submit that a rationalist should expect his or her prospective partners to “calculate their love” and not be afraid of the results.
Your statement has a nice “should” in it. The reason for people not to shun you is because their discomfort is based on a (debatably) flawed heuristic.
In many cases, discomfort is a natural part of changing one’s mind. I can see, though, why romance would be an exception. Discomfort due to unrequited affections, for example, is not evidence of an impending paradigm shift. Discomfort due to a rational calculus, however, might indicate a high likelihood of irrationality.
No, it has shouldn’t in it. Shouldn’t is the negation of should.
It seems to me that way. I did have a reference experience with a Grinberg teacher who could switch that mode of anxiety on and off by conscious decision. She demonstrated it during a talk and it felt uncomfortable to me. I though to myself: “You made your point, it feels uncomfortable, can you now move on?”. She has more physical presence than people who are shy by their nature.
Yet that’s a matter of degree. By interacting with people who do provide honest feedback I discover that I sometimes do make people uncomfortable by being in analytical mode.
I think that if you have a nerd with bad body odor it’s mostly that he feels uncomfortable with social interactions to the extends that his body produces substances to get other people to keep distance.
Why would you make a girl feel that with whom you would want a relationship to the extend that you are interested enough in her to ask her out?
If a girl does flirty to make you smile and instead of smiling you go in your head and think about whether or not that signal means that she likes you, you don’t make the interaction fun for her.
I’m looking at the possible causal relationships between certain actions and resultant discomfort. As I understand your argument, you believe that certain actions by one person will always result in discomfort by the other. I disagree, and I submit that the discomfort is a product of the original action and its response. In other words, if someone has made you feel uncomfortable, it may be possible for you to reduce that discomfort independently of the precipitating action. Your discomfort may be due to an irrational bias. This would be a reason not to shun someone for making you feel uncomfortable.
There is a difference between analyzing an action and communicating that you are analyzing an action. To speak to your concluding example, “smiling back” and, “[going] in your head and think about whether or not that signal means that she likes you,” are NOT mutually exclusive. With practice, you can do both at once. I would call this leveling up.
Because it’s procrastination. The problem at hand is that one has trouble reading social signals. Any solution will involve lots and lots of experience (i.e. gathering enough real-world data for your brain to build the right mental structures). Trying to build a mathematical model seems like the sort of thing where you can put in a lot of work and pat yourself on the back for the effort, all while avoiding actually dealing with the problem.
Unfortunately there is the common failure mode where Alex keeps making bigger and bigger signals, while Billy makes no signals at all, but A interprets everything B does as maybe some kind of signal. So this method still relies on being able to tell, at least to some extent.
If you aren’t good at reading other people’s signals, then the following heuristic is a pretty good one:
If you like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is no.
If you don’t like A, and you are wondering whether A likes you, the answer is yes.
Fully agree with first part. Last part is wrong.
Better solution is, if you are in doubt and are bad at reading signals, ask a friend.
This worked out well for my husband and me. I had told him I’d had a dream in which we were making love, and he asked a friend if that meant I liked him. And they told him yes, of course (or I’d not have told him even if I’d had the same dream). Been together for ~20 years now.
I’m impressed that he could possibly fail to interpret that as a very direct hitting-on with high certainty.
This heuristic is terrible if you’re trying to find a romantic partner since following it consistently will always lead you to believe that the people you’re interested in and whose reciprocal interest isn’t clear to you are not interested in you. If you live in a society where your potential partner isn’t supposed to make overt signals about their romantic interests (because of gender roles or something), this may result in never finding a partner.
Also, suggesting that people who “aren’t good at reading other people’s signals” should condition anything based on the presence of uncertainty about reciprocal interest seems like it’ll produce inconsistent results at best. In this case, I think they should take the potential failure mode and increase signaling until A (or a trusted friend) gives a unambiguous signal.
So, whatever you want, the other person wants the opposite? That’s an awful heuristic! Remember, reverse stupidity is not intellegence!
Nope. The rule is conditional on “wondering.” For the vast majority of people I meet, it doesn’t occur to me to wonder whether they have a crush on me. So if I’m wondering whether they like me, something unusual must have triggered it.
Similarly, if I like someone and they like me too, most of the time I don’t wonder about it, I know. So if I’m still puzzled as to whether they like me, then it’s because they don’t like me, but I’m trying to read non-signals as signals.
Maybe you’re overoptimistic, and try to “read non-signals as signals” but other people might be under-confident and not see signals which are there because they have difficulty imagining that someone could like them.
Of course, if you are even remotely credence calibrated in this matter, then uncertainty signifies … uncertainty.
Sounds like an rather fun thing to solve although I have a feeling you could probably find the answer in a certain book.
I’ll twist your quote around and say the readers are low value. Don’t let the haters get you, OP. At least you have a girlfriend.