In the Middle Ages, I’m not sure atheism would be too much more rational than theism, in any sense. To the average European in the year 1000, being an atheist would probably be about as rational as being a heliocentrist, i.e., not at all. We know all the arguments in favor of atheism and heliocentrism, but they didn’t. No amount of rationalism is going to let you judge things based on evidence you don’t know about.
The average person back then could probably have given you plenty of evidence for God’s existence. The evidence would be weak by modern standards, but not by medieval standards. No one was conducting scientific studies then: almost any assertion not directly checkable was supported by pretty weak evidence. Theism might make few predictions and test them rarely, but the same was true of all the alternatives. On the other hand, theism at least had coherent and consistent answers to a slew of basic questions like “How did life arise?”, which atheism did not.
So I think the answer is that the only rational principle that would have allowed you to deconvert in medieval times would be “single-handedly reconstructing modern science”.
The question “Where did people come from?” is one that you’d expect to be answerable, and therefore a reasonable question to ask. We might, in principle, be able to do research in the physical world to figure out where we came from, since physical events (such as the appearance of a new species) leave traces in the physical world that we might be able to detect long after the fact. Likewise, intuition suggests that everything in the physical world comes from somewhere, and so an answer of “We were always here” seems intuitively unlikely.
On the other hand, if you ask “Where did God come from?”, you’re talking about an entity that (in the case of a Jewish-style God) predated all physical existence. There’s no reason to expect us to be able to figure out where God came from, if a God exists. And since God doesn’t have to play by the rules of the physical world, “God always existed” sounds much more palatable than “humans always existed”: God isn’t something we expect to obey our intuition. God is supposed to be inherently perfect and unchanging, so “God always existed” fits in nicely with our picture of God.
Now, you can fairly say that this is all completely unverifiable and can be matched up to any facts you feel like by altering details. You’d be totally right. But there are real reasons for why many people ask “Where did humans come from?” and don’t ask “Where did God come from?” It’s not just because they’re “not allowed” to ask those questions—the people who came up with the answers sure were allowed to ask them! It’s because the idea of an eternal God is intuitively more satisfactory than the idea of eternal humans, even if this breaks down upon closer inspection.
No, it’s still just a curiosity-stopper. Deferring a philosophical question to God is no more than shoving it underneath His great philosophical carpet of confusion.
A theoretical person using scientific techniques to investigate with Stone Age knowledge would have no reason to rule out a nature spirit, god etc or to assume that the universe was explainable.
If (in the actual or a hypothetical world) the evidence did appear to point to a conscious entity, the rational thing to do would be to try and investigate it’s properties. However, it would be possible that after effort he still couldn’t comprehend it for some reason.
Theism has never provided answers to these questions, only curiosity-stoppers.
You can only see this because you are not confused. All wrong answers act as curiosity stoppers to a degree, but you can accuse an answer of ruining curiosity only to the extent you know that it’s accepted more than it deserves. Every mistake is inherently wrong, but not every mistake is apparent.
The idea that God did something is not a logically impossible answer- some hypothetically possible sets of evidence would lead to the rational conclusion a God was likely. In such a world, however, genuine rational investigation in the nature of such. (And of course, one shouldn’t leap to the conclusion of it being a god just because it’s a conscious entity at work)
In the Middle Ages, I’m not sure atheism would be too much more rational than theism, in any sense. To the average European in the year 1000, being an atheist would probably be about as rational as being a heliocentrist, i.e., not at all. We know all the arguments in favor of atheism and heliocentrism, but they didn’t. No amount of rationalism is going to let you judge things based on evidence you don’t know about.
The average person back then could probably have given you plenty of evidence for God’s existence. The evidence would be weak by modern standards, but not by medieval standards. No one was conducting scientific studies then: almost any assertion not directly checkable was supported by pretty weak evidence. Theism might make few predictions and test them rarely, but the same was true of all the alternatives. On the other hand, theism at least had coherent and consistent answers to a slew of basic questions like “How did life arise?”, which atheism did not.
So I think the answer is that the only rational principle that would have allowed you to deconvert in medieval times would be “single-handedly reconstructing modern science”.
Theism has never provided answers to these questions, only curiosity-stoppers.
The question “Where did people come from?” is one that you’d expect to be answerable, and therefore a reasonable question to ask. We might, in principle, be able to do research in the physical world to figure out where we came from, since physical events (such as the appearance of a new species) leave traces in the physical world that we might be able to detect long after the fact. Likewise, intuition suggests that everything in the physical world comes from somewhere, and so an answer of “We were always here” seems intuitively unlikely.
On the other hand, if you ask “Where did God come from?”, you’re talking about an entity that (in the case of a Jewish-style God) predated all physical existence. There’s no reason to expect us to be able to figure out where God came from, if a God exists. And since God doesn’t have to play by the rules of the physical world, “God always existed” sounds much more palatable than “humans always existed”: God isn’t something we expect to obey our intuition. God is supposed to be inherently perfect and unchanging, so “God always existed” fits in nicely with our picture of God.
Now, you can fairly say that this is all completely unverifiable and can be matched up to any facts you feel like by altering details. You’d be totally right. But there are real reasons for why many people ask “Where did humans come from?” and don’t ask “Where did God come from?” It’s not just because they’re “not allowed” to ask those questions—the people who came up with the answers sure were allowed to ask them! It’s because the idea of an eternal God is intuitively more satisfactory than the idea of eternal humans, even if this breaks down upon closer inspection.
No, it’s still just a curiosity-stopper. Deferring a philosophical question to God is no more than shoving it underneath His great philosophical carpet of confusion.
A theoretical person using scientific techniques to investigate with Stone Age knowledge would have no reason to rule out a nature spirit, god etc or to assume that the universe was explainable.
If (in the actual or a hypothetical world) the evidence did appear to point to a conscious entity, the rational thing to do would be to try and investigate it’s properties. However, it would be possible that after effort he still couldn’t comprehend it for some reason.
You can only see this because you are not confused. All wrong answers act as curiosity stoppers to a degree, but you can accuse an answer of ruining curiosity only to the extent you know that it’s accepted more than it deserves. Every mistake is inherently wrong, but not every mistake is apparent.
The idea that God did something is not a logically impossible answer- some hypothetically possible sets of evidence would lead to the rational conclusion a God was likely. In such a world, however, genuine rational investigation in the nature of such. (And of course, one shouldn’t leap to the conclusion of it being a god just because it’s a conscious entity at work)
Yes it did and does, though you’re left having to handwave away the question of “how did God arise?”
Yup, but those seem less troubling if anything than the questions atheism would be unable to answer at the time.