The main way I think about academic fraud is to lump it together with other things which are equivalent for most purposes and hard to distinguish from fraud.
For instance: fraud and p-hacking are pretty similar from an epistemic point of view. I expect the resulting publications to usually have a similar “smell” to them; they lack the gears which show up in real and useful work. And in both cases, the right response from me is usually just to ignore the paper(s) in question.
The main way I think about academic fraud is to lump it together with other things which are equivalent for most purposes and hard to distinguish from fraud.
For instance: fraud and p-hacking are pretty similar from an epistemic point of view. I expect the resulting publications to usually have a similar “smell” to them; they lack the gears which show up in real and useful work. And in both cases, the right response from me is usually just to ignore the paper(s) in question.