Quinn wrote a while ago “I heard a pretty haunting take about how long it took to discover steroids in bike races. Apparently, there was a while where a “few bad apples” narrative remained popular even when an ostensibly “one of the good ones” guy was outperforming guys discovered to be using steroids.”
I have been thinking about that notion after researching BPC 157 where it seems that the literature around it is completely fraudulent.
How do you think about the issue of how much of the literature is fraudulent?
The main way I think about academic fraud is to lump it together with other things which are equivalent for most purposes and hard to distinguish from fraud.
For instance: fraud and p-hacking are pretty similar from an epistemic point of view. I expect the resulting publications to usually have a similar “smell” to them; they lack the gears which show up in real and useful work. And in both cases, the right response from me is usually just to ignore the paper(s) in question.