I hate that we even have the term cryonics. I think that brain presentation is best done without freezing. As someone who has cryonically preserved and studied quite a fair amount of rodent and human brain tissue, cryonics sucks.
CLARITY is the way to go. You get a much more stable product that can be non-destructively imaged many times over. It’s stable at room temperature, so you don’t have to trust some company to keep your brain from ever thawing. You can image think slices (around 2 inches), which makes the task of creating a cohesive digital model far easier and less error prone. If you want, you can still do electron microscopy on the tissue after you’re done imaging it with laser microscopy, and then integrate the results. You will gain substantial advantages by doing this over going straight to electron microscopy.
Note that our blog is called “The Biostasis Standard.” Yes, the cryonics term is not ideal. Biostasis subsumes cryonics and I prefer it, but far more people are familiar with “cryonics”, so it will take a long time to transition terms, if it ever happens.
One research project Biostasis Technologies is behind is vitrifixation—cryopreservation combined with chemical fixation. It has some advantages in certain circumstances. Ideally, we want a range of cryo and non-cryo preservation approaches, each of which may be the best for particular situations—such as ischemic time.
I think the emphasis even on preservation is misguided at this point. I think it’s time now to shift emphasis to uploading & emulation.
Chemical fixation is good, sure. But we need to assemble a full map of the neurons and their connections in the brain. The current best way to do this is to image the brain in the relatively thick sections that are allowed when you have chemically fixed and optically clarified the tissue. This greatly facilitates axon tracing since there are many fewer cuts needed. You can have like 4 cm or a bit more thick slices instead of needing slices thinner than tissue paper.
Also, the risk of damage from cryoslicing brain tissue is significant. I’ve accidentally destroyed quite a few cryopreserved brain slices while trying to transfer them to slides. If you are trying to slice an entire non-clarified human brain thin enough for light microscopy, you’ll have quite a lot of risk of damage. The other alternative is hard plasticization and even thinner slicing for electron microscopy. Also a damage risk, and also something you can optionally do to the clarified brain once you are done light-imaging it. The advantage of doing thick-slice light imaging first is that it gives you a map, the full set of 3D positions of all the neurons and their axons & dendrites, which you can then add the additional detail (e.g. synapse strength) from the later electron microscopy. If you don’t have the map, then you have to correctly assemble all those super-thin slices into 3D structure without mismatching axons and dendrites. That’s another huge source of error.
Also, when doing electron microscopy, you must choose one single set of things to label. You don’t get to change your label. There are tens or hundreds of importantly relevant proteins it would be useful to know about when trying to upload a brain. With clarified brain tissue, you can label these proteins a few at a time, image them, wash the labels out and put in new labels. You can safely repeat this process hundreds of times. Thus, you get a much more complete picture of all the proteins. And you can label with multiple label colors at once, which means you can have a ‘reference label’ to which all the others get registered in 3D space on your model. This greatly reduces the localization error in your model.
Humanity is at the hinge of history, and one of the possible paths to safety from the AGI transition is having successful Whole Brain Emulations that give us digital entities we can trust more than alien-minded ML models. Thus, getting this tech working in the next 5-10 years could be critical.
This seems far more important to me than the work of trying to help people preserve their brains so they can be uploaded once humanity has survived the singularity. That’s a thing that impacts just a few people, rather than all of humanity and the future of our descendants throughout our lightcone.
idk what CLARITY is, but yeah, I’d love to see room temperature preservation protocols developed for human brain preservation. it also has the possibility of significantly reducing cost given a significant fraction of the cost goes towards paying for indefinite liquid nitrogen refills
Nectome is working on aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation for humans which I think might provide some of those benefits (?) OregonCryo is also trying to do / doing something like that.
i know another researcher working on this which could probably use funding in the near future. if any of you know someone that might be interested in funding this, please lmk so I can put you in touch. i think this is one of the top opportunities for improving cryonics robustness and adoption (and maybe quality)
I hate that we even have the term cryonics. I think that brain presentation is best done without freezing. As someone who has cryonically preserved and studied quite a fair amount of rodent and human brain tissue, cryonics sucks. CLARITY is the way to go. You get a much more stable product that can be non-destructively imaged many times over. It’s stable at room temperature, so you don’t have to trust some company to keep your brain from ever thawing. You can image think slices (around 2 inches), which makes the task of creating a cohesive digital model far easier and less error prone. If you want, you can still do electron microscopy on the tissue after you’re done imaging it with laser microscopy, and then integrate the results. You will gain substantial advantages by doing this over going straight to electron microscopy.
Note that our blog is called “The Biostasis Standard.” Yes, the cryonics term is not ideal. Biostasis subsumes cryonics and I prefer it, but far more people are familiar with “cryonics”, so it will take a long time to transition terms, if it ever happens.
One research project Biostasis Technologies is behind is vitrifixation—cryopreservation combined with chemical fixation. It has some advantages in certain circumstances. Ideally, we want a range of cryo and non-cryo preservation approaches, each of which may be the best for particular situations—such as ischemic time.
I think the emphasis even on preservation is misguided at this point. I think it’s time now to shift emphasis to uploading & emulation.
Chemical fixation is good, sure. But we need to assemble a full map of the neurons and their connections in the brain. The current best way to do this is to image the brain in the relatively thick sections that are allowed when you have chemically fixed and optically clarified the tissue. This greatly facilitates axon tracing since there are many fewer cuts needed. You can have like 4 cm or a bit more thick slices instead of needing slices thinner than tissue paper.
Also, the risk of damage from cryoslicing brain tissue is significant. I’ve accidentally destroyed quite a few cryopreserved brain slices while trying to transfer them to slides. If you are trying to slice an entire non-clarified human brain thin enough for light microscopy, you’ll have quite a lot of risk of damage. The other alternative is hard plasticization and even thinner slicing for electron microscopy. Also a damage risk, and also something you can optionally do to the clarified brain once you are done light-imaging it. The advantage of doing thick-slice light imaging first is that it gives you a map, the full set of 3D positions of all the neurons and their axons & dendrites, which you can then add the additional detail (e.g. synapse strength) from the later electron microscopy. If you don’t have the map, then you have to correctly assemble all those super-thin slices into 3D structure without mismatching axons and dendrites. That’s another huge source of error.
Also, when doing electron microscopy, you must choose one single set of things to label. You don’t get to change your label. There are tens or hundreds of importantly relevant proteins it would be useful to know about when trying to upload a brain. With clarified brain tissue, you can label these proteins a few at a time, image them, wash the labels out and put in new labels. You can safely repeat this process hundreds of times. Thus, you get a much more complete picture of all the proteins. And you can label with multiple label colors at once, which means you can have a ‘reference label’ to which all the others get registered in 3D space on your model. This greatly reduces the localization error in your model.
Humanity is at the hinge of history, and one of the possible paths to safety from the AGI transition is having successful Whole Brain Emulations that give us digital entities we can trust more than alien-minded ML models. Thus, getting this tech working in the next 5-10 years could be critical.
This seems far more important to me than the work of trying to help people preserve their brains so they can be uploaded once humanity has survived the singularity. That’s a thing that impacts just a few people, rather than all of humanity and the future of our descendants throughout our lightcone.
idk what CLARITY is, but yeah, I’d love to see room temperature preservation protocols developed for human brain preservation. it also has the possibility of significantly reducing cost given a significant fraction of the cost goes towards paying for indefinite liquid nitrogen refills
Nectome is working on aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation for humans which I think might provide some of those benefits (?) OregonCryo is also trying to do / doing something like that.
i know another researcher working on this which could probably use funding in the near future. if any of you know someone that might be interested in funding this, please lmk so I can put you in touch. i think this is one of the top opportunities for improving cryonics robustness and adoption (and maybe quality)