And yes, of course the ancient Greeks attempting such a policy could and probably would have gotten it terribly wrong; maybe the epic failed Earths are the ones where some group had the Darwinian insight and then successfully selected for prowess as warriors. I’m not saying “Go eugenics!” would have been a systematically good idea for ancient Greeks to try as policy...
And you shouldn’t, too. Ancient India tried both intelligence and warriors, infact it tried a 4-fold caste system.
Brahmins—intellects and priests
Kshatriyas—Warriors and Rulers
Vaishyas—Merchants, traders
Sudras—Manual Labour.
It might have worked for a while, and probably did. Indian monuments and works of art, literature and philosophy from that period are good. Faith differences were resolved by dialogue and not by the sword. Trade happened with Egypt and China. Damascus steel originated actually in India. Surgeries took place and the traditional texts prescribed rituals for 120 yrs of life.
And some where in the past, entropy took over. Too many different tribes with different ideas came and the system could not handle them. Education became the ability to articulate properly the texts that were already in place and little new knowledge was added. The prosperity that was previously present was lost, slowly, but surely.
Defenders of the caste system say that the system began just as job segregation, but that doesn’t explain the endogamy that is prevalent in the system.
A majority of the people in India still have issues in marrying outside their caste.
The breeding may not have been deliberate as in blood type matching, but the duties of every caste and how a person matched the ideals of his caste were factors in deciding marriage.
Brahmins give their daughters away in marriage to learned pundits.
Kshatriyas gave their daughters away in marriage to soldiers who achieved victories and kings who had territory.
Vaishyas gave their daughters away in marriage to rich merchants and so on..
Deliberate notion of heridity, yes I think that is true. We match for the patrilineal and matrilineal lineage and avoid marriage with someone who is of the same patrilineal lineage for more than 3 generations and matrilineal for 1 generation.
But this isn’t enough to say that India was “doing eugenics”. Eugenics involves a conscious effort to ensure that people with “the desired traits” produce more children than other people. Did that occur?
OK, so India shows us one way which doesn’t work so well. What should we make of other examples?
I’m sure everyone here has read at least a little about the Ashkenazi researches. What did the Jewish ghettos get right? Was the selection pressure too weak in Indian society in general? Or was shooting for multiple targets a bad thing—maybe the Sudras mixed too much with Brahmins and the net effect was nil.
Before concluding that the eugenic forces the molded the Ashkenazi were beneficial, you should ask yourself: What did they lose?
(Well, maybe I overestimated how much people know about the Ashkenazi.)
What they got was a ridiculously high average IQ (I’ve seen between 120 and 130). What the population paid for this was a ridiculously high rate of diseases related to the central nervous system.
The elevated IQ isn’t nearly that high—the average is about 7 to 12 points higher than Western normal. (See Wikipedia entry on the topic.)
What IS that elevated is Ashkenazi verbal intelligence scores, which are roughly two sigma better than the norm.
Your point about central nervous system diseases is well-taken, but you misunderstood my question. What did the Ashkenazi lose? What do they lack that a ‘normal’ population of humanity has? Compare them to other peoples with a Western European cultural and genetic heritage, and see what’s not there.
Noticing an absence is usually harder than a presence… though that’s all a matter of perspective and emphasis.
Kindly stop being cryptic. It’s irritating and patronizing. You are not teaching a class of fourth graders in whom you are obliged to instill the virtue of academic independence.
Fourth graders would probably be far less arrogant and far more willing to think.
Make up your minds: do you want me to treat you as intelligent and informed people who are capable of independently recognizing and deriving points, which requires that I not try to lead you by the nose through every observation and stage of reasoning, OR do you want me to spell out every step and logical procedure, requiring that I have no respect for your intelligence or ability to reason?
“Intelligent and informed” is highly compatible with “not willing to devote X amount of time to learning about the Ashkenazi population and their deficits in comparison to other European groups to compensate for the laziness and/or carelessness and/or rudeness of a poster easily capable of sharing that tidbit of data”. You are not just leaving off the last line in a simple syllogism or neglecting to define a common word here. This is an obscure fact in an obscure area on a blog that does not select for an audience of geneticists or rabbis or whatever area of expertise is relevant to your point.
Alicorn, you seem to be missing the conversation that was happening here. Annoyance was responding to a comment by gwern, who said:
(Well, maybe I overestimated how much people know about the Ashkenazi.)
indicating that he could assume gwern had a great deal of knowledge about the subject. I don’t think it’s appropriate to criticize him for not explaining things for the benefit of those not already involved in the conversation.
How many nesting comments should there be, before I should assume that the conversation is semiprivate and I may not participate and consider myself a member of the audience on this public blog? Or is it some cue other than levels of nesting? (I would genuinely like to know, if you think I have run afoul of some convention, what that convention is.) I made my initial comment here because my curiosity was piqued and I was annoyed by the bizarre coyness around the thing it made me curious about.
Kindly stop being cryptic. It’s irritating and patronizing. You are not teaching a class of fourth graders in whom you are obliged to instill the virtue of academic independence.
Unless I’m missing something, this was your first contribution to the discussion. Is this seriously your idea of participating in the conversation? Apparently out of the blue, you referred to Annoyance as “cryptic”, “irritating”, “patronizing”, and implied that he thought he was teaching 4th-graders.
4th-graders clearly were not the intended audience of the comment. The person to whom he responded, who clearly knows about the Ashkenazi, was. If you’re missing something in the exchange, feel free to ask for clarification.
Consider a similar (hypothetical) situation where folks are having a conversation involving some advanced math, and you come along and berate them for not including explanations for those that haven’t been exposed to it before.
There is a mechanism for having a conversation between two people, but it isn’t the comments, it’s the private message system. If Annoyance’s intended audience was exactly one person and no one else was meant to be able to understand him or get anything out of the comment, then why was it here and not there? Pure convenience?
Advanced mathematics is the sort of thing that a lot of people here know about; I stay out of such discussions partly because they rarely pique my curiosity and partly because I am aware that I am below the threshold of what could reasonably be expected in the way of mathematical expertise in this context. Most of the people here know vastly more about math than I do, so I don’t expect people to keep mathematical discussions down to my level (although I’d probably leave the blog outright if such discussions came to dominate, since I would be unable to glean anything useful). Unless something has greatly escaped my notice, no highly specialized knowledge of genetics is commonplace here (or at least not more so than in any gathering of generally bright people).
Combined, the fact that it was posted publicly without any obvious earmarks of being intended only for gwern, and the fact that I don’t think I am unusually poorly informed about genetics, led me to believe that Annoyance was aiming at too high a level of expertise (or possibly just being cryptic, irritating, and patronizing). The upvotes on the comment in which I said as much suggest that it is likely other interested viewers would also like to know what is being said. (Either that, or they just don’t like Annoyance for some reason.)
If Annoyance’s intended audience was exactly one person
My intended audience was everyone who knew something about Ashkenazi genetics and intellectual testing results and yet hadn’t really taken notice of what those results suggest they lack.
If you don’t know anything about the topic, the comment wasn’t directed at you.
So, since you’re hinting that they do, indeed, tend to lack “something” and that you know what that something is, would you mind enlightening the rest of us?
Ashkenazi Jews have an unusual ability profile as well as higher than average IQ. They have high verbal and mathematical scores, while their visuospatial abilities are typically somewhat lower, by about one half a standard deviation, than the European average (Levinson, 1977; Levinson and Block, 1977). Han Eysenck (Eysenck, 1995) noted “The correlation between verbal and performance tests is about 0.77 in the general population, but only 0.31 among Jewish children. Differences of 10-20 points have been found in samples of Jewish children; there is no other group that shows anything like this size difference.” The Ashkenazi pattern of success is what one would expect from this ability distribution-great success in mathematics and literature, more typical results in representational painting, sculpture, and architecture.
As far as I can tell, their rate of dyslexia is virtually nil; I don’t know if this is wholly due to breeding effects or partly to culture. The mental traits and abilities that are statistically associated with dyslexia seem to be generally underdeveloped.
The few famous Ashkenazi who seem to also have strong kinesthetic/visual abilities, like Einstein and Feynman, are such outliers and exceptions that I’m not sure they can be said to fit into any expectation system.
Perhaps you could reach a larger audience, including many who don’t yet know anything about the topic, if you simply shared the insight you believe gwern missed.
Consider a similar (hypothetical) situation where folks are having a conversation involving some advanced math, and you come along and berate them for not including explanations for those that haven’t been exposed to it before.
Did Alicorn ask for explanations? Why do you think this has anything to do with explanations? Was the conversation remotely like that? Have you read the conversation? How do rhetorical questions make you feel?
The Ashkenazi routinely come up in discussions of genetics, culture, their effect on intellectual skills, and eugenics.
If you lack even the shallow knowledge of those topics that would be transmitted by reading such discussions, you have no place commenting on them.
When I’m interested in remedial education, I’ll reduce everything I say to simplest terms. Until such a time, I’m speaking to people who know enough to have an informed opinion, not people who have essentially been living in a cave as far as the subjects are concerned.
These comments aren’t for you. Stop responding to them.
I will treat you as as an intelligent and informed person who is capable of independently recognizing and deriving points, who I am required to not try to lead by the nose, and simply state that the parent contains a blisteringly obvious logical flaw, and that spotting that flaw will answer your question.
And you shouldn’t, too. Ancient India tried both intelligence and warriors, infact it tried a 4-fold caste system.
Brahmins—intellects and priests
Kshatriyas—Warriors and Rulers
Vaishyas—Merchants, traders
Sudras—Manual Labour.
It might have worked for a while, and probably did. Indian monuments and works of art, literature and philosophy from that period are good. Faith differences were resolved by dialogue and not by the sword. Trade happened with Egypt and China. Damascus steel originated actually in India. Surgeries took place and the traditional texts prescribed rituals for 120 yrs of life.
And some where in the past, entropy took over. Too many different tribes with different ideas came and the system could not handle them. Education became the ability to articulate properly the texts that were already in place and little new knowledge was added. The prosperity that was previously present was lost, slowly, but surely.
They were doing deliberate breeding with a notion of heredity? Or just segregation by job into union-castes? There’s a big difference.
Nearly everyone was doing that.
Eugenics always plays at sophistication, but it’s rooted in very old (false) folk intuitions.
I hope I understood your question correctly..
Defenders of the caste system say that the system began just as job segregation, but that doesn’t explain the endogamy that is prevalent in the system.
A majority of the people in India still have issues in marrying outside their caste.
The breeding may not have been deliberate as in blood type matching, but the duties of every caste and how a person matched the ideals of his caste were factors in deciding marriage.
Brahmins give their daughters away in marriage to learned pundits. Kshatriyas gave their daughters away in marriage to soldiers who achieved victories and kings who had territory. Vaishyas gave their daughters away in marriage to rich merchants and so on..
Deliberate notion of heridity, yes I think that is true. We match for the patrilineal and matrilineal lineage and avoid marriage with someone who is of the same patrilineal lineage for more than 3 generations and matrilineal for 1 generation.
But this isn’t enough to say that India was “doing eugenics”. Eugenics involves a conscious effort to ensure that people with “the desired traits” produce more children than other people. Did that occur?
Interesting question—Probably only in the kshatriya caste where polygyny was practiced. Not so in the other castes.
OK, so India shows us one way which doesn’t work so well. What should we make of other examples?
I’m sure everyone here has read at least a little about the Ashkenazi researches. What did the Jewish ghettos get right? Was the selection pressure too weak in Indian society in general? Or was shooting for multiple targets a bad thing—maybe the Sudras mixed too much with Brahmins and the net effect was nil.
Respectfully, you’re making a very big assumption there—that anything at all was “got right”.
Before concluding that the eugenic forces the molded the Ashkenazi were beneficial, you should ask yourself: What did they lose?
It’s very rare indeed that a population-level genetic change can take place without some tradeoffs being made.
(Well, maybe I overestimated how much people know about the Ashkenazi.)
What they got was a ridiculously high average IQ (I’ve seen between 120 and 130). What the population paid for this was a ridiculously high rate of diseases related to the central nervous system.
Ah, as usual, the devil is in the details.
The elevated IQ isn’t nearly that high—the average is about 7 to 12 points higher than Western normal. (See Wikipedia entry on the topic.)
What IS that elevated is Ashkenazi verbal intelligence scores, which are roughly two sigma better than the norm.
Your point about central nervous system diseases is well-taken, but you misunderstood my question. What did the Ashkenazi lose? What do they lack that a ‘normal’ population of humanity has? Compare them to other peoples with a Western European cultural and genetic heritage, and see what’s not there.
Noticing an absence is usually harder than a presence… though that’s all a matter of perspective and emphasis.
Kindly stop being cryptic. It’s irritating and patronizing. You are not teaching a class of fourth graders in whom you are obliged to instill the virtue of academic independence.
Fourth graders would probably be far less arrogant and far more willing to think.
Make up your minds: do you want me to treat you as intelligent and informed people who are capable of independently recognizing and deriving points, which requires that I not try to lead you by the nose through every observation and stage of reasoning, OR do you want me to spell out every step and logical procedure, requiring that I have no respect for your intelligence or ability to reason?
You can’t have it both ways.
“Intelligent and informed” is highly compatible with “not willing to devote X amount of time to learning about the Ashkenazi population and their deficits in comparison to other European groups to compensate for the laziness and/or carelessness and/or rudeness of a poster easily capable of sharing that tidbit of data”. You are not just leaving off the last line in a simple syllogism or neglecting to define a common word here. This is an obscure fact in an obscure area on a blog that does not select for an audience of geneticists or rabbis or whatever area of expertise is relevant to your point.
Alicorn, you seem to be missing the conversation that was happening here. Annoyance was responding to a comment by gwern, who said:
indicating that he could assume gwern had a great deal of knowledge about the subject. I don’t think it’s appropriate to criticize him for not explaining things for the benefit of those not already involved in the conversation.
How many nesting comments should there be, before I should assume that the conversation is semiprivate and I may not participate and consider myself a member of the audience on this public blog? Or is it some cue other than levels of nesting? (I would genuinely like to know, if you think I have run afoul of some convention, what that convention is.) I made my initial comment here because my curiosity was piqued and I was annoyed by the bizarre coyness around the thing it made me curious about.
Unless I’m missing something, this was your first contribution to the discussion. Is this seriously your idea of participating in the conversation? Apparently out of the blue, you referred to Annoyance as “cryptic”, “irritating”, “patronizing”, and implied that he thought he was teaching 4th-graders.
4th-graders clearly were not the intended audience of the comment. The person to whom he responded, who clearly knows about the Ashkenazi, was. If you’re missing something in the exchange, feel free to ask for clarification.
Consider a similar (hypothetical) situation where folks are having a conversation involving some advanced math, and you come along and berate them for not including explanations for those that haven’t been exposed to it before.
There is a mechanism for having a conversation between two people, but it isn’t the comments, it’s the private message system. If Annoyance’s intended audience was exactly one person and no one else was meant to be able to understand him or get anything out of the comment, then why was it here and not there? Pure convenience?
Advanced mathematics is the sort of thing that a lot of people here know about; I stay out of such discussions partly because they rarely pique my curiosity and partly because I am aware that I am below the threshold of what could reasonably be expected in the way of mathematical expertise in this context. Most of the people here know vastly more about math than I do, so I don’t expect people to keep mathematical discussions down to my level (although I’d probably leave the blog outright if such discussions came to dominate, since I would be unable to glean anything useful). Unless something has greatly escaped my notice, no highly specialized knowledge of genetics is commonplace here (or at least not more so than in any gathering of generally bright people).
Combined, the fact that it was posted publicly without any obvious earmarks of being intended only for gwern, and the fact that I don’t think I am unusually poorly informed about genetics, led me to believe that Annoyance was aiming at too high a level of expertise (or possibly just being cryptic, irritating, and patronizing). The upvotes on the comment in which I said as much suggest that it is likely other interested viewers would also like to know what is being said. (Either that, or they just don’t like Annoyance for some reason.)
My intended audience was everyone who knew something about Ashkenazi genetics and intellectual testing results and yet hadn’t really taken notice of what those results suggest they lack.
If you don’t know anything about the topic, the comment wasn’t directed at you.
So, since you’re hinting that they do, indeed, tend to lack “something” and that you know what that something is, would you mind enlightening the rest of us?
Edit: Never mind, I tracked it down:
Thank you, CronoDAS.
As far as I can tell, their rate of dyslexia is virtually nil; I don’t know if this is wholly due to breeding effects or partly to culture. The mental traits and abilities that are statistically associated with dyslexia seem to be generally underdeveloped.
The few famous Ashkenazi who seem to also have strong kinesthetic/visual abilities, like Einstein and Feynman, are such outliers and exceptions that I’m not sure they can be said to fit into any expectation system.
Perhaps you could reach a larger audience, including many who don’t yet know anything about the topic, if you simply shared the insight you believe gwern missed.
Did Alicorn ask for explanations? Why do you think this has anything to do with explanations? Was the conversation remotely like that? Have you read the conversation? How do rhetorical questions make you feel?
Keep in mind that Annoyance is consistently irritatingly cryptic, and not always in conversations that have reached an advanced level.
The Ashkenazi routinely come up in discussions of genetics, culture, their effect on intellectual skills, and eugenics.
If you lack even the shallow knowledge of those topics that would be transmitted by reading such discussions, you have no place commenting on them.
When I’m interested in remedial education, I’ll reduce everything I say to simplest terms. Until such a time, I’m speaking to people who know enough to have an informed opinion, not people who have essentially been living in a cave as far as the subjects are concerned.
These comments aren’t for you. Stop responding to them.
I will treat you as as an intelligent and informed person who is capable of independently recognizing and deriving points, who I am required to not try to lead by the nose, and simply state that the parent contains a blisteringly obvious logical flaw, and that spotting that flaw will answer your question.
List formatting help