Alignment Team lead at OpenAI
Opinions are my own and not necessarily my employer’s.
janleike
Karma: 400
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Yes, we are currently planning continue to pursue these directions for scalable oversight. My current best guess is that scalable oversight will do a lot of the heavy lifting for aligning roughly human-level alignment research models (by creating very precise training signals), but not all of it. Easy-to-hard generalization, (automated) interpretability, adversarial training+testing will also be core pieces, but I expect we’ll add more over time.
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I don’t really understand why many people updated so heavily on the obfuscated arguments problem; I don’t think there was ever good reason to believe that IDA/debate/RRM would scale indefinitely and I personally don’t think that problem will be a big blocker for a while for some of the tasks that we’re most interested in (alignment research). My understanding is that many people at DeepMind and Anthropic remain optimistic about debate variants have have been running a number of preliminary experiments (see e.g. this Anthropic paper).
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My best guess for the reason why you haven’t heard much about it is that people weren’t that interested in running on more toy tasks or doing more human-only experiments and LLMs haven’t been good enough to do much beyond critique-writing (we tried this a little bit in the early days of GPT-4). Most people who’ve been working on this recently don’t really post much on LW/AF.
- OpenAI Launches Superalignment Taskforce by (Jul 11, 2023, 1:00 PM; 149 points)
- AISC 2024 - Project Summaries by (Nov 27, 2023, 10:32 PM; 48 points)
- AIS 101: Task decomposition for scalable oversight by (Jul 25, 2023, 1:34 PM; 27 points)
- AI Safety 101 - Chapter 5.2 - Unrestricted Adversarial Training by (Oct 31, 2023, 2:34 PM; 17 points)
- AI Safety 101 - Chapter 5.1 - Debate by (Oct 31, 2023, 2:29 PM; 15 points)
- AISC 2024 - Project Summaries by (EA Forum; Nov 27, 2023, 10:35 PM; 13 points)
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Yeah, you could reformulate the question as “how much consequentialist reasoning do you need to do 95% or 99% of the alignment work?” Maybe the crux is in what we mean by consequentialist reasoning. For example, if you build a proof oracle AlphaZero-style, would that be a consequentialist? Since it’s trained with RL to successfully prove theorems you can argue it’s a consequentialist since it’s the distillation of a planning process, but it’s also relatively myopic in the sense that it doesn’t care about anything that happens after the current theorem is proved. My sense is that in practice it’ll matter a lot where you draw your episode boundaries (at least in the medium term), and as you point out there are a bunch of tricky open questions on how to think about this.
I agree with your evaluation of behavior point. I also agree that the motives matter but an important consideration is whether you picture them coming from an RM (which we can test extensively and hopefully interpret somewhat) or some opaque inner optimizers. I’m pretty bullish on both evaluating the RM (average case + adversarially) and the behavior.
Insofar that philosophical progress is required, my optimism for AI helping on this is lower than for (more) technical research since in philosophy evaluation is often much harder and I’m not sure that it’s always easier than generation. You can much more easily picture a highly charismatic AI-written manifesto that looks very persuasive and is very difficult to refute than it is to make technical claims about math, algorithms, or empirical data that are persuasive and hard to falsify.
However, I’m skeptical that the list of novel philosophical problems we actually need to solve to prevent the most serious misalignment risk will actually be that long. For example, a lot of problems in rationality + decision theory + game theory I’d count more as model capabilities and the moral patienthood questions you can punt on for a while from the longtermist point of view.
[Link] Why I’m optimistic about OpenAI’s alignment approach
Thanks for writing this! I’d be very excited to see more critiques of our approach and it’s been great reading the comments so far! Thanks to everyone who took the time to write down their thoughts! :)
I’ve also written up a more detailed post on why I’m optimistic about our approach. I don’t expect this to be persuasive to most people here, but it should give a little bit more context and additional surface area to critique what we’re doing.
I strongly agree with you that it’ll eventually be very difficult for humans to tell apart AI-generated alignment proposals that look good and aren’t good from ones that look good and are actually good.
There is a much stronger version of the claim “alignment proposals are easier to evaluate than to generate” that I think we’re discussing in this thread, where you claim that humans will be able to tell all good alignment proposals apart from bad ones or at least not accept any bad ones (precision matters much more than recall here since you can compensate bad recall with compute). If this strong claim is true, then conceptually RLHF/reward modeling should be sufficient as an alignment technique for the minimal viable product. Personally I think that this strong version of the claim is unlikely to be true, but I’m not certain that I will be false for the first systems that can do useful alignment research.
As William points out below, if we get AI-assisted human evaluation to work well, then we can uncover flaws in alignment proposals that are too hard to find for unassisted humans. This is a weaker version of the claim, because you’re just claiming that humans + AI assistance are better at evaluating alignment proposals than human + AI assistance are at generating them. Generally I’m pretty optimistic about that level of supervision actually allowing us to supervise superhuman alignment research; I’ve written more about this here: https://aligned.substack.com/p/ai-assisted-human-feedback
yeah that’s a fair point
If it turns out that evaluation of alignment proposals is not easier than generation, we’re in pretty big trouble because we’ll struggle to convince others that any good alignment proposals humans come up with are worth implementing.
You could still argue by generalization that we should use alignment proposals produced by humans who had a lot of good proposals on other problems even if we’re not sure about those alignment proposals. But then you’re still susceptible to the same kinds of problems.
[Link] A minimal viable product for alignment
[Link] Why I’m excited about AI-assisted human feedback
Specification gaming: the flip side of AI ingenuity
Thanks for your question! I suspect there is some confusion going on here with what recursive reward modeling is. The example that you describe sounds like an example from imitating expert reasoning.
In recursive reward modeling, agent is not decomposing tasks, it is trying to achieve some objective that the user intends for it to perform. then assists the human in evaluating ’s behavior in order to train a reward model. Decomposition only happens on the evaluation of ’s task.
For example, proposes some plan and proposes the largest weakness in the plan. The human then evaluates whether is indeed a weakness in the plan and how strong it is, and then judges the plan based on this weakness. If you simplify and assume this judgement is binary ( is true iff the plan passes), then “wins” iff and “wins” iff . Thus the objective of the game becomes for and for . Note that this formulation has similarities with debate. However, in practice judgements don’t need to be binary and there are a bunch of other differences (human closer in the loop, not limited to text, etc.).
This is an obviously important problem! When we put a human in the loop, we have to be confident that the human is actually aligned—or at least that they realize when their judgement is not reliable to the current situation and defer to some other fallback process or ask for additional assistance. We are definitely thinking about this problem at DeepMind, but it’s out of the scope of this paper and the technical research direction that we are proposing to pursue here. Instead, we zoom into one particular aspect, how to solve the agent alignment problem in the context of aligning a single agent to a single user, because we think it is the hardest technical aspect of the alignment problem.
Good question. The short answer is “I’m not entirely sure.” Other people seem to struggle with understanding Paul Christiano’s agenda as well.
When we developed the ideas around recursive reward modeling, we understood amplification to be quite different (what we ended up calling Imitating expert reasoning in the paper after consulting with Paul Christiano and Andreas Stuhlmüller). I personally find that the clearest expositions for what Paul is trying to do are Iterated Distillation and Amplification and Paul’s latest paper, which we compare to in multiple places in the paper. But I’m not sure how that fits into Paul’s overall “agenda”.
My understanding of Paul’s agenda is that it revolves around “amplification” which is a broad framework for training ML systems with a human in the loop. Debate is an instance of amplification. Factored cognition is an instance of amplification. Imitating expert reasoning is an instance of amplification. Recursive reward modeling is an instance of amplification. AlphaGo is an instance of amplification. It’s not obvious to me what isn’t.
Having said that, there is no doubt about the fact that Paul is a very brilliant researcher who is clearly doing great work on alignment. His comments and feedback have been very helpful for writing this paper and I’m very much looking forward to what he’ll produce next.
So maybe I should bounce this question over to @paulfchristiano: How does recursive reward modeling fit into your agenda?
I’m not entirely sure but here is my understanding:
I think Paul pictures relying heavily on process-based approaches where you trust the output a lot more because you closely held the system’s hand through the entire process of producing the output. I expect this will sacrifice some competitiveness, and as long as it’s not too much it shouldn’t be that much of a problem for automated alignment research (as opposed to having to compete in a market). However, it might require a lot more human supervision time.
Personally I am more bullish on understanding how we can get agents to help with evaluation of other agents’ outputs such that you can get them to tell you about all of the problems they know about. The “offense-defense” balance to understand here is whether a smart agent could sneak a deceptive malicious artifact (e.g. some code) past a motivated human supervisor empowered with a similarly smart AI system trained to help them.