If I check the reality of the stone by kicking it and seeing if my toe hurts, no arguments are involved.
That tends to work less well for things that one can’t directly observe, e.g., how old is the universe, or things where there is confounding noise, e.g., does this drug help.
That tends to work less well for things that one can’t directly observe, e.g., how old is the universe, or things where there is confounding noise, e.g., does this drug help.
That was a counterexample, not a general theory of cognition...