The Chinese don’t have only one class of citizens:
1) Ethnic minorities (Tibetans, Mongols, etc.) have a legally recognized status, with affirmative action policies, (some) exemption from the one-child policy, etc.
2) More importantly, the Hukou system is basically a passport/visa system inside China, and migrant workers from the countryside are pretty similar to immigrants (or worse off) in Europe or the US: they don’t benefit from social services like schools (they have to send their kids back in their home province, or not have them in school, or send them to a private school), government jobs, etc. The Hukou system is also as hot a topic in China as immigration is the West.
Ethnic minorities (Tibetans, Mongols, etc.) have a legally recognized status, with affirmative action policies, (some) exemption from the one-child policy, etc.
By that standard Western countries also don’t have one class of citizens.
Depends of which country you’re thinking of! The US has officially designated categories, but those are pretty much illegal in France, and any official mention of one’s “ethnicity” is pretty much a taboo concept (and I found it weird to have to fill in that field in all my paperwork in China).
And even the ethnic categories in the US don’t seem as “legally relevant” as ethnic minority status in China; the law is (from what I understand) that you can sue if you believe you’ve been denied an opportunity because of your ethnic background, but that seems much more vague than having explicit ethnic categories, with different laws applying depending on which category you belong to.
(unless you were referring to to immigrants, but then they aren’t citizens)
(convicts would make a better example of a “different class of citizens”)
Because it works well as a Schelling fence.
Good answer.
I don’t think it did much for Soviet or Chinese citizens.
The Chinese don’t have only one class of citizens:
1) Ethnic minorities (Tibetans, Mongols, etc.) have a legally recognized status, with affirmative action policies, (some) exemption from the one-child policy, etc.
2) More importantly, the Hukou system is basically a passport/visa system inside China, and migrant workers from the countryside are pretty similar to immigrants (or worse off) in Europe or the US: they don’t benefit from social services like schools (they have to send their kids back in their home province, or not have them in school, or send them to a private school), government jobs, etc. The Hukou system is also as hot a topic in China as immigration is the West.
By that standard Western countries also don’t have one class of citizens.
Depends of which country you’re thinking of! The US has officially designated categories, but those are pretty much illegal in France, and any official mention of one’s “ethnicity” is pretty much a taboo concept (and I found it weird to have to fill in that field in all my paperwork in China).
And even the ethnic categories in the US don’t seem as “legally relevant” as ethnic minority status in China; the law is (from what I understand) that you can sue if you believe you’ve been denied an opportunity because of your ethnic background, but that seems much more vague than having explicit ethnic categories, with different laws applying depending on which category you belong to.
(unless you were referring to to immigrants, but then they aren’t citizens)
(convicts would make a better example of a “different class of citizens”)