If the program doesn’t terminate, the proof system may be unable to prove that. But if the program terminates in finitely many steps, any good enough proof system allows for a proof that just simulates all the steps one by one. Of course the program itself won’t reach that particular proof because the proof is too long.
Not if A includes the proof search! No sound proof system will be able to say anything interesting about programs that use the system itself.
If the program doesn’t terminate, the proof system may be unable to prove that. But if the program terminates in finitely many steps, any good enough proof system allows for a proof that just simulates all the steps one by one. Of course the program itself won’t reach that particular proof because the proof is too long.