The relevant topic in linguistics is redundancy. This article (“The role of redundancy in language and language teaching”, Darian 1979) is a decent introduction to the topic, and it also talks about its role in language learning.
This article (“Redundancy Elimination: the Case of Artificial Languages”, Chiari 2017) seems quite relevant to your purposes (full PDF).
if with “hear a word and think that it might be two different verb”, you were referring to homonyms
I was referring more to if you hear a word that is similar to another but not identical, and then you’re trying to figure out which it was. If I say “John hit the ball”, you might hear instead “John hid the ball”.
One example in English is the redundancy in the plural ending. If I say “Alice read the three books”, there’s redundancy because the “-s” ending on “books” indicates that there are multiple books, while “three” also indicates that there are multiple books. If you mishear me and either hear “Alice read the three book” or “Alice read the books”, you still know that there are multiple books. If we got rid of the plural ending in Englsih, you might hear either “Alice read the three book” or “Alice read the book”, and then you don’t consistently know that there are multiple books.
Going further abroad, you can see an example with noun classes in German. You can compare “Er sah den Bär” (“He saw the bear”) versus “Er sah das Bier” (“He saw the beer”). In English, the only difference between the sentences is the vowel in the final word, so if you misheard that vowel then you’ll get a completely wrong idea. In German on the other hand, the articles are marked with the noun class (“Bär” is masculine while “Bier” is neutral), so you have two pieces of evidence to tell you what noun you heard.
If you start adding in adjectives which agree with the nouns, there’s even more evidence in German but still only the one bit of evidence in English. Compare “Er sah den schwarzen Bär” (“He saw the black bear”) versus “Er sah das schwarze Bier” (“He saw the black beer”).
Another feature of redundancy displayed in German is noun case. In German, you can say “Der Mann sah den Bär” or “Den Bär sah der Mann” to mean “The man saw the bear”. In English though, if you say “The bear saw the man” then you mean something different. This works in German because in both of those sentences “Mann” is marked as a subject while “Bär” is marked as an object.
German can have the object before or after the verb, letting you emphasize either the subject or the object by putting it in the first place. English always has to have the subject before the verb and the object after the verb though, since otherwise it’s unclear which noun is supposed to be the subject. English in turn lets you emphasize a noun by putting extra stress on it.
English has redundancy built into the word order while German has the redundancy built into the noun cases. If you look at the history of Germanic languages, you can actually see quite clearly that word order became stricter in English at the same time that it lost noun classes and case. The speakers of Middle English stopped using noun classes or case but needed some extra source of redundancy, so they started to say their sentences only in a certain order. (source: “Syntactic Reconstruction and Proto-Germanic”, George Walkden 2014)
It’s even more obvious looking at Romance languages. Latin had a free word order, few prepositions, and six cases while the modern Romance languages have a relatively strict word order, many prepositions, and no cases. (Note that they’re all the same because they all evolved from Vulgar Latin which happened to have changed that way; there’s no fundamental rule that free word order always evolves in that way).
Thank you! The links you provided are valuable. I can’t access the full Darian article, but with Chiari there seem to be some issues with her approach. She tried to defend redundancy, but by only citing previous (very old) works and providing some comparison examples between languages. IMHO, if one is to prove something, she’d have to set up experiments. Like, recording people having conversations using a conlang with little to no redundancy, compared to using a natural redundant tongue. Then asking them to rate the level of clarity after the talks, and combining it with analysis of the recorded videos, etc. Then repeating the experiment with different pairs of language… In other words, her article is not convincing at all. Granted, maybe the presence of numerous grammatical errors in that supposedly professional linguistic paper contributes quite a bit to undermine her message.
Nevertheless, as her article suggested, the lack of any constructed language with absolutely zero redundancy may point to it being necessary for speaking. I have nothing against redundancy and try to hold a stance of ‘blank slate’ when it comes to IAL ideas and opinions. The goal is to build an IAL as easy to learn and effective as possible, and if some redundancy can help, then I can see no reason not.
The problem is that, not many linguists are also “LWer”s. They can be quite biased toward their own studied tongue and can’t see some brilliant ways which other languages employ to solve their own one’s problems. Case in point, your Germanic examples help me open my eyes to a lot of interesting stuffs. Yet at the same time, I can already formulate some ideas to eliminate a few of those issues, inspired by my native tongue. It’s just that my linguistics knowledge is too limited right now to correctly express them. Well, that’s why getting serious education on the topic is the 1st step of my plan :)
The relevant topic in linguistics is redundancy. This article (“The role of redundancy in language and language teaching”, Darian 1979) is a decent introduction to the topic, and it also talks about its role in language learning.
This article (“Redundancy Elimination: the Case of Artificial Languages”, Chiari 2017) seems quite relevant to your purposes (full PDF).
I was referring more to if you hear a word that is similar to another but not identical, and then you’re trying to figure out which it was. If I say “John hit the ball”, you might hear instead “John hid the ball”.
One example in English is the redundancy in the plural ending. If I say “Alice read the three books”, there’s redundancy because the “-s” ending on “books” indicates that there are multiple books, while “three” also indicates that there are multiple books. If you mishear me and either hear “Alice read the three book” or “Alice read the books”, you still know that there are multiple books. If we got rid of the plural ending in Englsih, you might hear either “Alice read the three book” or “Alice read the book”, and then you don’t consistently know that there are multiple books.
Going further abroad, you can see an example with noun classes in German. You can compare “Er sah den Bär” (“He saw the bear”) versus “Er sah das Bier” (“He saw the beer”). In English, the only difference between the sentences is the vowel in the final word, so if you misheard that vowel then you’ll get a completely wrong idea. In German on the other hand, the articles are marked with the noun class (“Bär” is masculine while “Bier” is neutral), so you have two pieces of evidence to tell you what noun you heard.
If you start adding in adjectives which agree with the nouns, there’s even more evidence in German but still only the one bit of evidence in English. Compare “Er sah den schwarzen Bär” (“He saw the black bear”) versus “Er sah das schwarze Bier” (“He saw the black beer”).
Another feature of redundancy displayed in German is noun case. In German, you can say “Der Mann sah den Bär” or “Den Bär sah der Mann” to mean “The man saw the bear”. In English though, if you say “The bear saw the man” then you mean something different. This works in German because in both of those sentences “Mann” is marked as a subject while “Bär” is marked as an object.
German can have the object before or after the verb, letting you emphasize either the subject or the object by putting it in the first place. English always has to have the subject before the verb and the object after the verb though, since otherwise it’s unclear which noun is supposed to be the subject. English in turn lets you emphasize a noun by putting extra stress on it.
English has redundancy built into the word order while German has the redundancy built into the noun cases. If you look at the history of Germanic languages, you can actually see quite clearly that word order became stricter in English at the same time that it lost noun classes and case. The speakers of Middle English stopped using noun classes or case but needed some extra source of redundancy, so they started to say their sentences only in a certain order. (source: “Syntactic Reconstruction and Proto-Germanic”, George Walkden 2014)
It’s even more obvious looking at Romance languages. Latin had a free word order, few prepositions, and six cases while the modern Romance languages have a relatively strict word order, many prepositions, and no cases. (Note that they’re all the same because they all evolved from Vulgar Latin which happened to have changed that way; there’s no fundamental rule that free word order always evolves in that way).
Thank you! The links you provided are valuable. I can’t access the full Darian article, but with Chiari there seem to be some issues with her approach. She tried to defend redundancy, but by only citing previous (very old) works and providing some comparison examples between languages. IMHO, if one is to prove something, she’d have to set up experiments. Like, recording people having conversations using a conlang with little to no redundancy, compared to using a natural redundant tongue. Then asking them to rate the level of clarity after the talks, and combining it with analysis of the recorded videos, etc. Then repeating the experiment with different pairs of language… In other words, her article is not convincing at all. Granted, maybe the presence of numerous grammatical errors in that supposedly professional linguistic paper contributes quite a bit to undermine her message.
Nevertheless, as her article suggested, the lack of any constructed language with absolutely zero redundancy may point to it being necessary for speaking. I have nothing against redundancy and try to hold a stance of ‘blank slate’ when it comes to IAL ideas and opinions. The goal is to build an IAL as easy to learn and effective as possible, and if some redundancy can help, then I can see no reason not.
The problem is that, not many linguists are also “LWer”s. They can be quite biased toward their own studied tongue and can’t see some brilliant ways which other languages employ to solve their own one’s problems. Case in point, your Germanic examples help me open my eyes to a lot of interesting stuffs. Yet at the same time, I can already formulate some ideas to eliminate a few of those issues, inspired by my native tongue. It’s just that my linguistics knowledge is too limited right now to correctly express them. Well, that’s why getting serious education on the topic is the 1st step of my plan :)