Yes, you really need to mention seasonal storage or just using 15% FF to get a wholistic picture. That applies to electricity alone and especially for the whole global economy. For example low efficiency/RTE, low capex, high storage capacity sources really bring the costs down compared to battery storage if the aim is to get to 100% RE and start to matter around 85%.
For example H2 with 50% RTE used for 10% of total electricity, and stored for 6 months doesn’t end up costing much with really cheap solar and a low capex H2 electrolyser/fuel cell combo. Similarly if you just put a price on CO2 then getting to 100% when other sectors of the economy aren’t there isn’t worth it. Of course direct air capture cost gives a hard upper cap on a 100% RE grid as you can just suck the CO2 emissions out the air again.
Holistically after getting ~90% non FF for industry there is far more benefit from synthetic protein, for meat and the likes of https://solarfoods.com/ and precision fermentation say for cheese/dairy than pursuing it further. E.g. if you reduce the land use requirements for farming by 75% then simply planting trees can solve the rest of the CO2 problem.
Yes, you really need to mention seasonal storage or just using 15% FF to get a wholistic picture. That applies to electricity alone and especially for the whole global economy. For example low efficiency/RTE, low capex, high storage capacity sources really bring the costs down compared to battery storage if the aim is to get to 100% RE and start to matter around 85%.
For example H2 with 50% RTE used for 10% of total electricity, and stored for 6 months doesn’t end up costing much with really cheap solar and a low capex H2 electrolyser/fuel cell combo. Similarly if you just put a price on CO2 then getting to 100% when other sectors of the economy aren’t there isn’t worth it. Of course direct air capture cost gives a hard upper cap on a 100% RE grid as you can just suck the CO2 emissions out the air again.
Holistically after getting ~90% non FF for industry there is far more benefit from synthetic protein, for meat and the likes of https://solarfoods.com/ and precision fermentation say for cheese/dairy than pursuing it further. E.g. if you reduce the land use requirements for farming by 75% then simply planting trees can solve the rest of the CO2 problem.