the metanoia of his own transformation is seen by him as a powerful instance of this gnosis agape, but how that also carried with it a potential dark side in which elements of his identity get projected onto cosmic history and the idea of inner conflict within history / within God as being reflected of and reflected in his own inner conflict between the old Saul and the new Paul, and how much this gnosis / participatory knowing is bound up with an exploration and an understanding of how our agency can be fractured, how we can be at war with ourselves, how we can suffer.
Tillich (I’m still drawing from The Courage to Be) argues that Stoicism, while viable, is fundamentally unpopular because it picks renunciation instead of salvation.
Stoicism reaches its limits wherever the question is asked: How is the courage of wisdom possible? Although the Stoics emphasized that all human beings are equal in that they participate in the universal Logos, they could not deny the fact that wisdom is the possession of only an infinitely small elite. The masses of the people, they acknowledged, are “fools,” in the bondage of desires and fears. While participating in the divine Logos with their essential or rational nature, most human beings are in a state of actual conflict with their own rationality and therefore unable to affirm their essential being courageously.
It was impossible for the Stoics to explain this situation which they could not deny. And it was not only the predominance of the “fools” among the masses that they could not explain. Something in the wise men themselves also faced them with a difficult problem. Seneca says that no courage is so great as that which is born of utter desperation. But, one must ask, has the Stoic as a Stoic reached the state of “utter desperation”? Can he reach it in the frame of his philosophy? Or is there something absent in his despair and consequently in his courage? The Stoic as a Stoic does not experience the despair of personal guilt. Epictetus quotes as an example Socrates’ words in Xenophon’s Memorabilia of Socrates: “I have maintained that which is under my control” and “I have never done anything that was wrong in my private or in my public life.” And Epictetus himself asserts that he has learned not to care for anything that is outside the realm of his moral purpose. But more revealing than such statements is the general attitude of superiority and complacency which characterizes the Stoic diatribai, their moral orations and public accusations. The Stoic cannot say, as Hamlet does, that “conscience” makes cowards of us all. He does not see the universal fall from essential rationality to existential foolishness as a matter of responsibility and as a problem of guilt. The courage to be for him is the courage to affirm oneself in spite of fate and death, but it is not the courage to affirm oneself in spite of sin and guilt. It could not have been different: for the courage to face one’s own guilt leads to the question of salvation instead of renunciation.
That is, sure, if you do the right thing when you’re in control, focusing only on the things that you can control is satisfying. But if you do the wrong things when you’re in control, well, what then? It seems unsatisfying to say “well, I can’t control the past” and just forget about it, or to constantly be resetting your identity, or to not have a story of why this happens and how it could be better.
On Less Wrong, we don’t focus too much on sin and guilt, but there’s a ‘clear thinking’ analog when it comes to mistakes / confusions. The sort of ‘courage to think in spite of myth and falsehood’ feels very different from the sort of ‘courage to think in spite of fallibility and uncertainty’; I associate (perhaps unfairly) the first with ‘skeptics’, and the second with a sort of patient focus on smoothing out errors / reflecting on one’s own mistakes / operating on the best available knowledge without being stupefied that feels like the steel rationalist to me.
[There’s an old claim I don’t have a link to, where someone who was into the occult and eventually snapped out of it realized that lots of mystics would describe scientists as “unable to deal with uncertainty”, but this was projection; the scientific virtue was being able to clearly see and sit with your ignorance, whereas this person’s scene couldn’t handle ignorance, and so had to immediately paper over any holes with stories, even if those stories were fake.]
Also note the meta point here; if there’s one “ideal thinking” state, and people start off in lots of randomly different “worse thinking” states, moving towards ideal thinking will be a different direction for different people, and one of the worries about taking one person’s account of their transformation too seriously is typical minding (or, more weirdly, adopting the patterns of their pre-transformation mind so that you can follow the transformations that start from that point!).
Tillich (I’m still drawing from The Courage to Be) argues that Stoicism, while viable, is fundamentally unpopular because it picks renunciation instead of salvation.
That is, sure, if you do the right thing when you’re in control, focusing only on the things that you can control is satisfying. But if you do the wrong things when you’re in control, well, what then? It seems unsatisfying to say “well, I can’t control the past” and just forget about it, or to constantly be resetting your identity, or to not have a story of why this happens and how it could be better.
On Less Wrong, we don’t focus too much on sin and guilt, but there’s a ‘clear thinking’ analog when it comes to mistakes / confusions. The sort of ‘courage to think in spite of myth and falsehood’ feels very different from the sort of ‘courage to think in spite of fallibility and uncertainty’; I associate (perhaps unfairly) the first with ‘skeptics’, and the second with a sort of patient focus on smoothing out errors / reflecting on one’s own mistakes / operating on the best available knowledge without being stupefied that feels like the steel rationalist to me.
[There’s an old claim I don’t have a link to, where someone who was into the occult and eventually snapped out of it realized that lots of mystics would describe scientists as “unable to deal with uncertainty”, but this was projection; the scientific virtue was being able to clearly see and sit with your ignorance, whereas this person’s scene couldn’t handle ignorance, and so had to immediately paper over any holes with stories, even if those stories were fake.]
Also note the meta point here; if there’s one “ideal thinking” state, and people start off in lots of randomly different “worse thinking” states, moving towards ideal thinking will be a different direction for different people, and one of the worries about taking one person’s account of their transformation too seriously is typical minding (or, more weirdly, adopting the patterns of their pre-transformation mind so that you can follow the transformations that start from that point!).