In other places, for example: “Causal inference in statistics: An overview”, which is in effect the Cliff Notes version of his book, he writes:
“one cannot substantiate causal claims from associations alone, even at the population level—behind every causal conclusion there must lie some causal assumption that is not testable in observational studies.”
Here is a similar survey article from 2003, in which he writes that exact sentence, followed by:
“Nancy Cartwright (1989) expressed this principle as “no causes in, no causes out”, meaning that we cannot convert statistical knowledge into causal knowledge.”
Interesting, but how do those files evade word searches for the parts you’ve quoted?
Interesting, but how do those files evade word searches for the parts you’ve quoted?
Dunno, not all PDFs are searchable and not all PDF viewers fail to make a pig’s ear of searching. The quotes can be found on p.99 (the third page of the file) and pp.284-285 (6th-7th pages of the file) respectively.
Interesting, but how do those files evade word searches for the parts you’ve quoted?
Dunno, not all PDFs are searchable and not all PDF viewers fail to make a pig’s ear of searching. The quotes can be found on p.99 (the third page of the file) and pp.284-285 (6th-7th pages of the file) respectively.
OTOH, try Google.