“Sapience” is not a crisp category. Humans are more sapient than chimpanzees, crows, and dogs. Chimpanzees, crows, and dogs are more sapient than house cats and fish. Some humans are more or less sapient than other humans.
Suppose one day we encounter a non-human intelligent species that is to us as we are to chimpanzees. Would suggest a species be justified in considering us as non-sapient and unworthy of moral respect?
I don’t think sapience and/or sentience is necessarily a bad place to start. However I am very skeptical of attempts to draw hard lines that place all humans in one set, and everything else on Earth in another.
Well, I was suggesting a way of making it pretty crisp: it requires language use. None of those other animals can really do that. But to the extent that they might be trained to do so, I’m happy to call those animals sapient. What’s clear is that, for example, dogs, cows, or chickens are not at all sapient by this standard.
Would suggest a species be justified in considering us as non-sapient and unworthy of moral respect?
No, but I think the situation you describe is impossible. That intelligent species (assuming they understood us well enough to make this judgement) would recognize that we’re language-users. Chimps aren’t.
Sorry, still not crisp. If you’re using sapience as a synonym for language, language is not a crisp category either. Crows and elephants have demonstrated abilities to communicate with other members of their own species. Chimpanzees can be taught enough language to communicate bidirectionally with humans. Exactly what this means for animal cognition and intelligence is a matter of much dispute among scientists, as is whether animals can really be said to use language or not; but the fact that it is disputed should make it apparent that the answer is not obvious or self-evident. It’s a matter of degree.
Ultimately this just seems like a veiled way to specially privilege humans, though not all of them. Is a stroke victim with receptive aphasia nonsapient? You might equally well pick the use of tools to make other tools, or some other characteristic to draw the line where you’ve predetermined it will be drawn; but it would be more honest to simply state that you privilege Homo sapiens sapiens, and leave it at that.
If you’re using sapience as a synonym for language, language is not a crisp category either.
Not a synonym. Language use is a necessary condition. And by ‘language use’ I don’t mean ‘ability to communicate’. I mean more strictly something able to work with things like syntax and semantics and concepts and stuff. We’ve trained animals to do some pretty amazing things, but I don’t think any, or at least not more than a couple, are really language users. I’m happy to recognize the moral worth of any there are, and I’m happy to recognize a gradient of worth on the basis of a gradient of sapience. I don’t think anything we’ve encountered comes close to human beings on such a gradient, but that might just be my ignorance talking.
Ultimately this just seems like a veiled way to specially privilege humans,
It’s not veiled! I think humans are privileged, special, better, more significant, etc. And I’m not picking an arbitrary part of what it means to be human. I think this is the very part that, were we to find it in a computer or an alien or an animal would immediately lead us to conclude that this being had moral worth.
Are you seriously suggesting that the difference between someone you can understand and someone you can’t matters just as much as the difference between me and a rock? Do you think your own moral worth would vanish if you were unable to communicate with me?
Yes, I’m suggesting both, on a certain reading of ‘can’ and ‘unable’. If I were, in principle, incapable of communicating with anyone (in the way worms are) then my moral worth, or anyway the moral worth accorded to sapient beings on the basis of their being sapient on my view, would disappear. I might have moral worth for other reasons, though I suspect these will come back to my holding some important relationship to sapient beings (like formerly being one).
If you are asking whether my moral worth would disappear if I, a language user, were by some twist of fate made unable to communicate, then my moral worth would not disappear (since I am still a language user).
“Sapience” is not a crisp category. Humans are more sapient than chimpanzees, crows, and dogs. Chimpanzees, crows, and dogs are more sapient than house cats and fish. Some humans are more or less sapient than other humans.
Suppose one day we encounter a non-human intelligent species that is to us as we are to chimpanzees. Would suggest a species be justified in considering us as non-sapient and unworthy of moral respect?
I don’t think sapience and/or sentience is necessarily a bad place to start. However I am very skeptical of attempts to draw hard lines that place all humans in one set, and everything else on Earth in another.
Well, I was suggesting a way of making it pretty crisp: it requires language use. None of those other animals can really do that. But to the extent that they might be trained to do so, I’m happy to call those animals sapient. What’s clear is that, for example, dogs, cows, or chickens are not at all sapient by this standard.
No, but I think the situation you describe is impossible. That intelligent species (assuming they understood us well enough to make this judgement) would recognize that we’re language-users. Chimps aren’t.
Sorry, still not crisp. If you’re using sapience as a synonym for language, language is not a crisp category either. Crows and elephants have demonstrated abilities to communicate with other members of their own species. Chimpanzees can be taught enough language to communicate bidirectionally with humans. Exactly what this means for animal cognition and intelligence is a matter of much dispute among scientists, as is whether animals can really be said to use language or not; but the fact that it is disputed should make it apparent that the answer is not obvious or self-evident. It’s a matter of degree.
Ultimately this just seems like a veiled way to specially privilege humans, though not all of them. Is a stroke victim with receptive aphasia nonsapient? You might equally well pick the use of tools to make other tools, or some other characteristic to draw the line where you’ve predetermined it will be drawn; but it would be more honest to simply state that you privilege Homo sapiens sapiens, and leave it at that.
Not a synonym. Language use is a necessary condition. And by ‘language use’ I don’t mean ‘ability to communicate’. I mean more strictly something able to work with things like syntax and semantics and concepts and stuff. We’ve trained animals to do some pretty amazing things, but I don’t think any, or at least not more than a couple, are really language users. I’m happy to recognize the moral worth of any there are, and I’m happy to recognize a gradient of worth on the basis of a gradient of sapience. I don’t think anything we’ve encountered comes close to human beings on such a gradient, but that might just be my ignorance talking.
It’s not veiled! I think humans are privileged, special, better, more significant, etc. And I’m not picking an arbitrary part of what it means to be human. I think this is the very part that, were we to find it in a computer or an alien or an animal would immediately lead us to conclude that this being had moral worth.
Are you seriously suggesting that the difference between someone you can understand and someone you can’t matters just as much as the difference between me and a rock? Do you think your own moral worth would vanish if you were unable to communicate with me?
Yes, I’m suggesting both, on a certain reading of ‘can’ and ‘unable’. If I were, in principle, incapable of communicating with anyone (in the way worms are) then my moral worth, or anyway the moral worth accorded to sapient beings on the basis of their being sapient on my view, would disappear. I might have moral worth for other reasons, though I suspect these will come back to my holding some important relationship to sapient beings (like formerly being one).
If you are asking whether my moral worth would disappear if I, a language user, were by some twist of fate made unable to communicate, then my moral worth would not disappear (since I am still a language user).