versions of the system with broken parts will exist in proportionate numbers.
Proportional to the abundance of the original system and the simplicity of the change. Many psychopaths; many people with cancer; relatively few psychopaths with cancer (two independent changes).
In other words, the recipe for coming to existence is “be very similar to something abundant, or compensate for the distance with extreme luck”.
Example 4: cancer. (Well, I guess you already mentioned carcinization. :-P)
Example 5: sociopathy, defection—what you might call cancerous behavior.
In general, when some system is abundant, versions of the system with broken parts will exist in proportionate numbers.
Proportional to the abundance of the original system and the simplicity of the change. Many psychopaths; many people with cancer; relatively few psychopaths with cancer (two independent changes).
In other words, the recipe for coming to existence is “be very similar to something abundant, or compensate for the distance with extreme luck”.