What is a ‘closed system’ in this context? What is the definition of ‘Universe’?
A typical system studied in introductory probability theory might be a die roll. This is a system with a sample space with 6 states. It is an abstract thing, that doesn’t interact with anything else. In reality, when you roll a die, that die is part of the real world. The same world that also contains you, the earth, etc. That is what I meant by ‘universe’.
a closed system is a physical system which doesn’t exchange any matter with its surroundings, and isn’t subject to any force whose source is external to the system.
A typical system studied in introductory probability theory might be a die roll. This is a system with a sample space with 6 states. It is an abstract thing, that doesn’t interact with anything else. In reality, when you roll a die, that die is part of the real world. The same world that also contains you, the earth, etc. That is what I meant by ‘universe’.
For closed systems, I was thinking of the term as used in physics:
Is this original research or have these ideas actually been fleshed out formally somewhere I can read about them?
I don’t know. That is to say: it is original research, but probably subconsciously inspired by and stolen from many other sources.