Look at the probability of the outcome, given the speech—if it’s high enough that you can ignore the receiver of the message as an independent agent whose response generates uncertainty, the causation looks pretty direct.
Example 1: shouting “Fire!” in a crowded theatre. Are you quite sure the crowd will stampede? or they’ll look at you like you’re an idiot and tell you to shut up?
Example 2: Russel and Hugh are two best mates living in Australia. Russel says: “An election is coming and I have to vote. I don’t care about them slimy politicians and I’ll vote for whoever you tell me”. Hugh says “Sure, mate, this time vote for the Wombat!”. Is Hugh’s speech protected?
1- I am not sure it would happen, but I think that someone who does shout “fire!” is indeed quite sure people will run.
2 - I don’t know Australia’s laws, so I don’t know what would be protected. But Hugh’s speech goes in my first box (the only information being transmited is Hugh’s preferences. Also, by analogy: if it were “should I kill him?”, both would be responsible).
Example 1: shouting “Fire!” in a crowded theatre. Are you quite sure the crowd will stampede? or they’ll look at you like you’re an idiot and tell you to shut up?
Example 2: Russel and Hugh are two best mates living in Australia. Russel says: “An election is coming and I have to vote. I don’t care about them slimy politicians and I’ll vote for whoever you tell me”. Hugh says “Sure, mate, this time vote for the Wombat!”. Is Hugh’s speech protected?
1- I am not sure it would happen, but I think that someone who does shout “fire!” is indeed quite sure people will run.
2 - I don’t know Australia’s laws, so I don’t know what would be protected. But Hugh’s speech goes in my first box (the only information being transmited is Hugh’s preferences. Also, by analogy: if it were “should I kill him?”, both would be responsible).