If a surgeon is consistently not taking the gallbladder out from patients but telling them they did, this will be discovered quickly and typically the surgeons will either be sued into not practicing or be removed from the surgeon pool.
A surgeon saying they take out a gallbladder but don’t is more equivalent to some Indian generic company like Ranbaxy saying they produce a drug that has certain active bioavailable ingredients and then they don’t then it’s about a ingredient having different effects.
Taking out a gallbladder might be an intervention that’s positive for health or negative. Whether surgeries sold by surgeons are provide a net positive health effect is a distinct question from whether they do the surgery according to the book.
A surgeon saying they take out a gallbladder but don’t is more equivalent to some Indian generic company like Ranbaxy saying they produce a drug that has certain active bioavailable ingredients and then they don’t then it’s about a ingredient having different effects.
Taking out a gallbladder might be an intervention that’s positive for health or negative. Whether surgeries sold by surgeons are provide a net positive health effect is a distinct question from whether they do the surgery according to the book.