I don’t see many particularly exotic finance terms, but I would think a recent edition of Brigham and Ehrhardt’s “Financial Management: Theory and Practice” is probably the most authoritative (but not being available for ‘preview’ on Google Books I haven’t been able to do a quick ctrl+f to see if it uses a sample of terms in that post). However I suspect that even one of those Tony Robbins books on investing will provide you the terminology or even Investopedia.
I don’t see many particularly exotic finance terms, but I would think a recent edition of Brigham and Ehrhardt’s “Financial Management: Theory and Practice” is probably the most authoritative (but not being available for ‘preview’ on Google Books I haven’t been able to do a quick ctrl+f to see if it uses a sample of terms in that post). However I suspect that even one of those Tony Robbins books on investing will provide you the terminology or even Investopedia.