(for example, focusing seems to be related to nonverbal parts, but it sort of breaks the S1/S2 dichotomy by being nonverbal but slow.)
Noncentral nitpick that is meant to be helpful: Focusing is a counterexample to the lay dual process theory that people sometimes use around here, but not the up-to-date, cognitive-scientific one.
Briefly, the key distinction (and it seems, the distinction that implies the fewest assumptions) is the amount of demand that a given process places on working memory.
nonverbal
Although language is often involved in Type 2 processing, this is likely a mere correlate of the processes by which we store and manipulate information in working memory, and not the defining characteristic per se. To elaborate, we are widely believed to store and manipulate auditory information in working memory by means of a ‘phonological store’ and an ‘articulatory loop’, and to store and manipulate visual information by means of a ‘visuospatial sketchpad’, so we may also consider the storage and processing in working memory of non-linguistic information in auditory or visuospatial form, such as musical tones, or mathematical symbols, or the possible transformations of a Rubik’s cube, for example. The linguistic quality of much of the information that we store and manipulate in working memory is probably noncentral to a general account of the nature of Type 2 processes. Conversely, the production and comprehension of language must often be an associative or procedural process, rather than a deliberative one; otherwise you might still be parsing the first sentence of this comment. That’s all technically original research and I Am Not A Cognitive Scientist, but I think it should be pretty obvious even from a layperson’s perspective.
slow
There’s nothing stopping Type 2 from being relatively fast, either; it’s just another correlate that doesn’t always hold. Trivial example: Have you ever awoken and not been able to make mental sense of what you’re seeing for a few seconds? It might take you longer to do that than to perform one transformation of a Rubik’s cube while fully awake, even though the former is automatic and the latter deliberate. In general, people sometimes seem to act as if there has never been a judgment that was simultaneously deliberate and fast, because they have come to describe all fast judgments as automatic. Such judgments are plausible in my experience.
Noncentral nitpick that is meant to be helpful: Focusing is a counterexample to the lay dual process theory that people sometimes use around here, but not the up-to-date, cognitive-scientific one.
Briefly, the key distinction (and it seems, the distinction that implies the fewest assumptions) is the amount of demand that a given process places on working memory.
Although language is often involved in Type 2 processing, this is likely a mere correlate of the processes by which we store and manipulate information in working memory, and not the defining characteristic per se. To elaborate, we are widely believed to store and manipulate auditory information in working memory by means of a ‘phonological store’ and an ‘articulatory loop’, and to store and manipulate visual information by means of a ‘visuospatial sketchpad’, so we may also consider the storage and processing in working memory of non-linguistic information in auditory or visuospatial form, such as musical tones, or mathematical symbols, or the possible transformations of a Rubik’s cube, for example. The linguistic quality of much of the information that we store and manipulate in working memory is probably noncentral to a general account of the nature of Type 2 processes. Conversely, the production and comprehension of language must often be an associative or procedural process, rather than a deliberative one; otherwise you might still be parsing the first sentence of this comment. That’s all technically original research and I Am Not A Cognitive Scientist, but I think it should be pretty obvious even from a layperson’s perspective.
There’s nothing stopping Type 2 from being relatively fast, either; it’s just another correlate that doesn’t always hold. Trivial example: Have you ever awoken and not been able to make mental sense of what you’re seeing for a few seconds? It might take you longer to do that than to perform one transformation of a Rubik’s cube while fully awake, even though the former is automatic and the latter deliberate. In general, people sometimes seem to act as if there has never been a judgment that was simultaneously deliberate and fast, because they have come to describe all fast judgments as automatic. Such judgments are plausible in my experience.
See also: Evans (2013).