The word “exist” confuses you. Does three exist? Maybe yes, maybe no; what real-world consequences would arise from three existing or not? If a tree falls in the forest, etc.
Humanity to date knows two families of statements that appear to possess truth values independent of the listener’s psychology:
1) Experimental results, objectively verifiable by repeating the experiment.
2) Axiom-based mathematics, objectively verifiable e.g. by proof checking software.
Of course people can make personally or culturally meaningful statements that don’t fall into type 1 or 2. Just don’t delude yourself about their universal applicability or call them “science”.
First, the word exist does not confuse me anymore than it confuses anyone else. If you think it does you should say why, since it wasn’t explained in the previous post. The ontological status of numbers is a classic and ongoing philosophical dispute, whether there are real-world consequences to the question, I don’ t know but even if there aren’t it does not follow that the question has no truth value.
Experimental results don’t verify anything, they either falsify or fail to falsify huge sets of different scientific propositions. When an experimental test of a hypothesis comes up false one can dismiss the hypothesis or one can dismiss any number of auxiliary assumptions that you had when you made your hypothesis. It is the job of scientists to find the best interpretation of experimental results according to criteria such as parsimony, consistency, usefulness, etc. But scientific theories are better understood as best working interpretations not objectively verified truths that exist independent of human interpretation. Metaphysics uses the exact same criteria to try and figure out the best interpretations with regard to other issues for which experiments are sometimes relevant but often not.
Also, axiom-based math can’t really be addressed by proof checking software since you can’t program proof-checking software before discovering some axiom based mathematics. Plus it isn’t like we started believing math was true 60 years ago. We figured it out because our vulnerable, biased, human brains happen to have considerable abilities for ascertaining the truth.
Anyway, we also know things based on non-experimental observation and data gathering. This includes non-scientific things like whether or not there is a car on the street as well as the less experimental sciences like, astronomy, linguistics and economics. Knowledge in linguistics and economics is certainly somewhat more precarious than in physics since in the former fields it is by turns often impossible or unethical to run experiments. But that doesn’t mean the insights in these fields aren’t useful. I have no problem calling them sciences.
Of course there are the other so-called analytic truths- the whole set of possible tautologies one can make with natural language and entailment relations between categories. Altogether, I think there are quite a few more statements that possess truth values than just experimental science and axiomatic mathematics and they all involve human interpretation.
This isn’t a reason to be frustrated, it just means we don’t get to take an aerial picture of the terrain in making our map, we’ve got to figure it out by making best guesses according to limited information.
Finally, so what if some philosophy is simply personally and culturally meaningful statements? That isn’t a reason to reject them as bad thinking.
You might have missed my emphasis on well-transferable truth value. Even if the “ontological status of numbers” question has a well-defined truth value to you, or non-experimental economics, or linguistics… how do you transfer the answer between individuals? I’ve indicated two methods of independent verification that correspond to science and math; is there a third one? Persuasive-sounding literature doesn’t cut it, because it can be used for religion just as well. About your final question, what makes philosophy distinct from literature?
Fine. My point was that experimental results aren’t perfectly transferable either. They require interpretation. Hypotheses are proven and disproven in the context of hundreds of other assumptions. We construct models and theories that we think best explain experimental data. Linguists and economists construct models and theories that best explain observed economic behavior and language use. Linguists and economists, granting some exceptions, agree with each other on lots of issues! There is not as much agreement as there is in physics since there is more room for biases and preconceptions when you can’t repeat an experiment over and over again to prove someone wrong. But that doesn’t mean linguists and economists aren’t getting less and less wrong.
Philosophy is a broad subject. A lot of it (definitely most of it in the English speaking world) isn’t just culturally meaningful but scientifically meaningful. In epistemology they try and form models and theories that best explain our understanding of what counts as knowledge. In ethics they do the same for our understanding of what counts as moral. In philosophy of science they try and explain our understanding of what counts as science. There are also fields such as philosophy of physics and philosophy of biology which address philosophical and interpretive issues within those fields like interpreting quantum mechanics (where the philosophers new the Copenhagen interpretation was bunk long before the physicists began realizing it) and the ontological status of biological categories like ‘species’. There is Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Time, Philosophy of Mathematics etc. That doesn’t even include the fields that were once part of philosophy but expanded to become separate subjects (logic, linguistics, cognitive science).There is even something called experimental philosophy where they, you know, experiment. I don’t know what your experience with philosophy is. Maybe you just had someone make you read Plato.
Now it is true religions make metaphysical arguments. But I think you’re wrong to say it can be used for religion just as well. The metaphysical arguments for God’s existence fail. The vast majority of analytic philosophers (and even continental philosophers) are atheists.
But of course there is a whole continental tradition which might be better described as “culturally meaningful” or “politically meaningful”. But even here there is an obvious sense in which culturally meaningful philosophy is distinct from fiction. Cultural philosophy makes arguments and descriptions which readers can dispute and challenge. You can say of a cultural philosopher that he does not have a complete grasp of our culture or that his response is misguided. Cultural philosophers hold debates. All the time. Novelists don’t. Now, I admit that these debates are not often that valuable since if the two sides have a different understanding of culture they’re going to talk past one another. Nonetheless, viewers still have grounds to adjudicate between them and often their thinking inspires political action.
Literature is stories. Stories that may have allegorical or instructional purposes but they’re not in a form that one can contradict and that makes them particularly dangerous.
The word “exist” confuses you. Does three exist? Maybe yes, maybe no; what real-world consequences would arise from three existing or not? If a tree falls in the forest, etc.
Humanity to date knows two families of statements that appear to possess truth values independent of the listener’s psychology:
1) Experimental results, objectively verifiable by repeating the experiment.
2) Axiom-based mathematics, objectively verifiable e.g. by proof checking software.
Of course people can make personally or culturally meaningful statements that don’t fall into type 1 or 2. Just don’t delude yourself about their universal applicability or call them “science”.
First, the word exist does not confuse me anymore than it confuses anyone else. If you think it does you should say why, since it wasn’t explained in the previous post. The ontological status of numbers is a classic and ongoing philosophical dispute, whether there are real-world consequences to the question, I don’ t know but even if there aren’t it does not follow that the question has no truth value.
Experimental results don’t verify anything, they either falsify or fail to falsify huge sets of different scientific propositions. When an experimental test of a hypothesis comes up false one can dismiss the hypothesis or one can dismiss any number of auxiliary assumptions that you had when you made your hypothesis. It is the job of scientists to find the best interpretation of experimental results according to criteria such as parsimony, consistency, usefulness, etc. But scientific theories are better understood as best working interpretations not objectively verified truths that exist independent of human interpretation. Metaphysics uses the exact same criteria to try and figure out the best interpretations with regard to other issues for which experiments are sometimes relevant but often not.
Also, axiom-based math can’t really be addressed by proof checking software since you can’t program proof-checking software before discovering some axiom based mathematics. Plus it isn’t like we started believing math was true 60 years ago. We figured it out because our vulnerable, biased, human brains happen to have considerable abilities for ascertaining the truth.
Anyway, we also know things based on non-experimental observation and data gathering. This includes non-scientific things like whether or not there is a car on the street as well as the less experimental sciences like, astronomy, linguistics and economics. Knowledge in linguistics and economics is certainly somewhat more precarious than in physics since in the former fields it is by turns often impossible or unethical to run experiments. But that doesn’t mean the insights in these fields aren’t useful. I have no problem calling them sciences.
Of course there are the other so-called analytic truths- the whole set of possible tautologies one can make with natural language and entailment relations between categories. Altogether, I think there are quite a few more statements that possess truth values than just experimental science and axiomatic mathematics and they all involve human interpretation.
This isn’t a reason to be frustrated, it just means we don’t get to take an aerial picture of the terrain in making our map, we’ve got to figure it out by making best guesses according to limited information.
Finally, so what if some philosophy is simply personally and culturally meaningful statements? That isn’t a reason to reject them as bad thinking.
You might have missed my emphasis on well-transferable truth value. Even if the “ontological status of numbers” question has a well-defined truth value to you, or non-experimental economics, or linguistics… how do you transfer the answer between individuals? I’ve indicated two methods of independent verification that correspond to science and math; is there a third one? Persuasive-sounding literature doesn’t cut it, because it can be used for religion just as well. About your final question, what makes philosophy distinct from literature?
Fine. My point was that experimental results aren’t perfectly transferable either. They require interpretation. Hypotheses are proven and disproven in the context of hundreds of other assumptions. We construct models and theories that we think best explain experimental data. Linguists and economists construct models and theories that best explain observed economic behavior and language use. Linguists and economists, granting some exceptions, agree with each other on lots of issues! There is not as much agreement as there is in physics since there is more room for biases and preconceptions when you can’t repeat an experiment over and over again to prove someone wrong. But that doesn’t mean linguists and economists aren’t getting less and less wrong.
Philosophy is a broad subject. A lot of it (definitely most of it in the English speaking world) isn’t just culturally meaningful but scientifically meaningful. In epistemology they try and form models and theories that best explain our understanding of what counts as knowledge. In ethics they do the same for our understanding of what counts as moral. In philosophy of science they try and explain our understanding of what counts as science. There are also fields such as philosophy of physics and philosophy of biology which address philosophical and interpretive issues within those fields like interpreting quantum mechanics (where the philosophers new the Copenhagen interpretation was bunk long before the physicists began realizing it) and the ontological status of biological categories like ‘species’. There is Philosophy of Mind, Philosophy of Time, Philosophy of Mathematics etc. That doesn’t even include the fields that were once part of philosophy but expanded to become separate subjects (logic, linguistics, cognitive science).There is even something called experimental philosophy where they, you know, experiment. I don’t know what your experience with philosophy is. Maybe you just had someone make you read Plato.
Now it is true religions make metaphysical arguments. But I think you’re wrong to say it can be used for religion just as well. The metaphysical arguments for God’s existence fail. The vast majority of analytic philosophers (and even continental philosophers) are atheists.
But of course there is a whole continental tradition which might be better described as “culturally meaningful” or “politically meaningful”. But even here there is an obvious sense in which culturally meaningful philosophy is distinct from fiction. Cultural philosophy makes arguments and descriptions which readers can dispute and challenge. You can say of a cultural philosopher that he does not have a complete grasp of our culture or that his response is misguided. Cultural philosophers hold debates. All the time. Novelists don’t. Now, I admit that these debates are not often that valuable since if the two sides have a different understanding of culture they’re going to talk past one another. Nonetheless, viewers still have grounds to adjudicate between them and often their thinking inspires political action.
Literature is stories. Stories that may have allegorical or instructional purposes but they’re not in a form that one can contradict and that makes them particularly dangerous.