Regular old natural selection? Behaving socially benefitted the individual. Doing things for other people didn’t just help them—it got their help in return.
The argument the article made was that empathy reduces free riding. Engaging in free riding almost per definition doesn’t produce disadvantages for the individual who engages in free riding.
Punishing free-riders isn’t what I would consider under empathy. I would think that highly dominate people with a lot of testosterone will rather engage in punishing free-riders than empathic people.
I didn’t mean that an empathic person would be more likely to punish free-riders. I meant that an empathic person would be less likely to free ride, and thus be less likely to be punished (or more likely to be rewarded).
Because it was selected?
What kind of process do you mean with selection if you don’t mean group selection?
Regular old natural selection? Behaving socially benefitted the individual. Doing things for other people didn’t just help them—it got their help in return.
The argument the article made was that empathy reduces free riding. Engaging in free riding almost per definition doesn’t produce disadvantages for the individual who engages in free riding.
It does if others have adaptations for punishing free-riders, or for rewarding non-free-riders.
Punishing free-riders isn’t what I would consider under empathy. I would think that highly dominate people with a lot of testosterone will rather engage in punishing free-riders than empathic people.
I didn’t mean that an empathic person would be more likely to punish free-riders. I meant that an empathic person would be less likely to free ride, and thus be less likely to be punished (or more likely to be rewarded).
I dunno, I hear that oxytocin makes you nicer towards your in-group but less nice towards your out-group.
Would you predict that whites produce less oxytocin than blacks?
I have no idea.
… normal selection?