With regards to teaching an AI to care: what you can teach a mind depends on the mind. The best examples come from human beings: for hundreds of years many (though not all) parents have taught their children that it is wrong to have sex before marriage, a precept that many people break even when they think they shouldn’t and feel bad about it . And that’s with our built in desires for social acceptance and hardware for propositional morality. For another example, you can’t train tigers to care about their handlers. No matter how much time you spend with them and care for them, they sometimes bite off arms just because they are hungry. I understand most big cats are like this.
It’s quite true that nobody plans to build a system with no concern for human life, but it’s also true that many people assume Friendliness is easy.
I really liked this comment by FrankAdamek: