Most works of fantasy do this to some extent. For example, the One Power in Wheel of Time has very well-specified mechanics, though of course a lot of the complexity is left as an exercise for the reader. The metal-based magic in the Mistborn books is simpler, and likewise well-defined. You can also have works like Cardcaptor Sakura, which is basically an anime about a collectible card game; here, the cards operate according to some very specific rules, and each card has a narrow function, but the card list is very large and fairly arbitrary.
Most works of fantasy do this to some extent. For example, the One Power in Wheel of Time has very well-specified mechanics, though of course a lot of the complexity is left as an exercise for the reader. The metal-based magic in the Mistborn books is simpler, and likewise well-defined. You can also have works like Cardcaptor Sakura, which is basically an anime about a collectible card game; here, the cards operate according to some very specific rules, and each card has a narrow function, but the card list is very large and fairly arbitrary.