I don’t think this part is so bad. You can lack “real control” but still have an informative experiment. You just need that people in the treatment group were on average more likely to receive the treatment. The issue is how they analyzed the data.
There are informative experiments that are not controlled experiments. Claiming that they are controlled when they aren’t however sounds fraudulent to me.
The key fraud seems to be the word “control”. The researchers did not have real control over who was doing the Yoga.
I don’t think this part is so bad. You can lack “real control” but still have an informative experiment. You just need that people in the treatment group were on average more likely to receive the treatment. The issue is how they analyzed the data.
There are informative experiments that are not controlled experiments. Claiming that they are controlled when they aren’t however sounds fraudulent to me.