Can you give an example in another domain where philosophical reasoning about a topic led to empirical facts about that topic?
Yes—I think evolution is a pretty clean example. Darwin didn’t have any more facts than other biologists or philosophers, and he didn’t derive his theory by collecting facts; he was just doing better philosophy than everyone else. His philosophy led to a large set of empirical predictions, those predictions were validated, and that’s how and when the theory was broadly accepted. (Edit: I think that’s a pretty accurate description of what happened, maybe you could argue with some parts of it?)
I think we should expect that consciousness works out the same way—the problem has been solved, the solution comes with a large set of empirical predictions, it will be broadly accepted once the empirical evidence is overwhelming, and not before. (I would count camp #1 broadly as a ‘theory’ with the empirical prediction that no crisp divide between conscious and unconscious processing exists in the brain, and that consciousness has no elegant mathematical structure in any meaningful sense. I’d consider this empirically validated once all higher cognitive functions have been reverse-engineered as regular algorithms with no crisp/qualitative features separating conscious and unconscious cognition.)
(GPT-4o says that before evolution was proposed, the evolution of humans was considered a question of philosophy, so I think it’s quite analogous in that sense.)
Edit: I think that’s a pretty accurate description of what happened, maybe you could argue with some parts of it?
I think one could argue with a lot of your description of how Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution after the H.M.S. Beagle expedition and decades of compiling examples and gradually elaborating a theory before he finally finished Origin of Species.
Fair enough; the more accurate response would have been that evolution might be an example, depending on how the theory was derived (which I don’t know). Maybe it’s not actually an example.
The crux would be when exactly he got the idea; if the idea came first and the examples later, then it’s still largely analogous (imo); if the examples were causally upstream of the core idea, then not so much.
That’s a really good example, thank you! I see at least some of the analogous questions, in terms of physical measurements and variance in observations of behavioral and reported experiences. I’m not sure I see the analogy in terms of qualia and other unsure-even-how-to-detect phenomena.
Yes—I think evolution is a pretty clean example. Darwin didn’t have any more facts than other biologists or philosophers, and he didn’t derive his theory by collecting facts; he was just doing better philosophy than everyone else. His philosophy led to a large set of empirical predictions, those predictions were validated, and that’s how and when the theory was broadly accepted. (Edit: I think that’s a pretty accurate description of what happened, maybe you could argue with some parts of it?)
I think we should expect that consciousness works out the same way—the problem has been solved, the solution comes with a large set of empirical predictions, it will be broadly accepted once the empirical evidence is overwhelming, and not before. (I would count camp #1 broadly as a ‘theory’ with the empirical prediction that no crisp divide between conscious and unconscious processing exists in the brain, and that consciousness has no elegant mathematical structure in any meaningful sense. I’d consider this empirically validated once all higher cognitive functions have been reverse-engineered as regular algorithms with no crisp/qualitative features separating conscious and unconscious cognition.)
(GPT-4o says that before evolution was proposed, the evolution of humans was considered a question of philosophy, so I think it’s quite analogous in that sense.)
I think one could argue with a lot of your description of how Charles Darwin developed his theory of evolution after the H.M.S. Beagle expedition and decades of compiling examples and gradually elaborating a theory before he finally finished Origin of Species.
Fair enough; the more accurate response would have been that evolution might be an example, depending on how the theory was derived (which I don’t know). Maybe it’s not actually an example.
The crux would be when exactly he got the idea; if the idea came first and the examples later, then it’s still largely analogous (imo); if the examples were causally upstream of the core idea, then not so much.
That’s a really good example, thank you! I see at least some of the analogous questions, in terms of physical measurements and variance in observations of behavioral and reported experiences. I’m not sure I see the analogy in terms of qualia and other unsure-even-how-to-detect phenomena.