I think something like “market inefficiency” might be the word. Disclaimer—I’m not an economist and don’t know the precise technical meaning of this term. But roughly speaking, the situations you describe seem to be those where the law of supply and demand is somehow prevented from acting directly on the monetary price, so the non-monetary “price” is increased/decreased instead. In the case of the apartments, they’d probably be happy to increase the price until they’ve got exactly the right number of applicants but are kept from doing it by rent control or reputation or something, so they incur moral costs on the applicants. In case of hiring, they’re probably kept from lowering their wages through some combination of: inability to lower wages of the existing employees on the similar positions, wages not being exactly public anyway, and maybe some psychological expectations where nobody with required credentials will agree to work for less than X, no matter how good the conditions are (or alternatively they’re genuinely trying to pick the best and failing, than it’s Goodheart’s law). And in the case of the dating market there simply is no universal currency to begin with.
I think something like “market inefficiency” might be the word. Disclaimer—I’m not an economist and don’t know the precise technical meaning of this term. But roughly speaking, the situations you describe seem to be those where the law of supply and demand is somehow prevented from acting directly on the monetary price, so the non-monetary “price” is increased/decreased instead. In the case of the apartments, they’d probably be happy to increase the price until they’ve got exactly the right number of applicants but are kept from doing it by rent control or reputation or something, so they incur moral costs on the applicants. In case of hiring, they’re probably kept from lowering their wages through some combination of: inability to lower wages of the existing employees on the similar positions, wages not being exactly public anyway, and maybe some psychological expectations where nobody with required credentials will agree to work for less than X, no matter how good the conditions are (or alternatively they’re genuinely trying to pick the best and failing, than it’s Goodheart’s law). And in the case of the dating market there simply is no universal currency to begin with.