Thank you! I would want Robin Hanson and Theodore Dalrymple to sit down and write a book together on the topic of how signaling battles between people near the top of the social ladder influence perceptions of people below them. Because that’s where the idea comes from—I was recently reading Life at the Bottom (a collection of Dalrymple’s essays), where among other things he laments the fact that in the past, educated and successful people acted as role models for the aspiring lower-class people, while today, it seems like successful people are imitating the dysfunctions of lower class as a fashion statement, which in turn means that the lower class is now left without role models, so even those who aspire to do better, often don’t know how.
And while reading your article, it clicked to me… the answer to Dalrymple’s question is counter-signaling, obviously. But the missing part of the puzzle is: why now, and not in the past? I can only guess:
Maybe the reason is that the educated/successful class has increased in size, so while in the past they were mostly busy signaling that as a group they are different from the less successful, these days there is a pressure to signal intra-group distinctions. “I am so super-successful, I don’t even need the approval of the normal-successful ones, and I can flout their norms” is a way to countersignal.
Or maybe in the past the educated elites and the common folks lived closer to each other physically (the same small cities; different roles in the same jobs), so there was a pressure to distinguish themselves behaviorally (discuss different topics, enjoy different culture). These days the physical bubbles are quite strong (if you are educated, almost everyone you talk to is educated; if you are a programmer at Google, there are probably also some janitors working there, but you are unlikely to interact with them, and most likely they are technically employed by a different company), but we have mass culture (movies, internet) that appeals to both the poor and the rich; which makes countersignaling a more salient option and a safer thing to do.
But this is just my speculation; I don’t have enough data to distinguish between these options; and maybe I overlooked something else that is even more important.
Also, sometimes it could be just the plain old costly signaling: I do this thing, because it is nice and I can afford it, but if you try to copy me, it will probably ruin you. For example, polyamory… it is an attractive idea if you are financially secure and good at using contraception, so the outcome “I got pregnant, the guy who made me pregnant left me for his new girlfriend, and now both me and my child are starving” is unlikely (a typical bad outcome is a broken heart; in extreme case, becoming a single parent but without literally starving). But you don’t want poor people to get the idea “worrying about marriage is stupid, look at the rationalists in the Bay Area, they don’t need it either”, if in their case, marriage seems statistically like a good protection from the worst poverty. (By the way, I am not really sure where exactly is the line between costly signaling and countersignaling.)
I’d reframe this slightly. First of all, I want to think of signaling as less something you do on purpose as the primary goal of your action, and more as a side effect of an action you take for other reasons. If I eat frozen TV dinners every night, the reason I eat those dinners is because I’m hungry. But for anyone observing this diet of mine, it’s also a signal that I don’t know how to cook (or am too busy to cook). Nevertheless, I’m not eating these frozen TV dinners as some sort of statement about my schedule or my capabilities in the kitchen.
Similarly, let’s say the rich are, as Dalrymple claims, imitating the dysfunctions of the lower class. This might serve as a countersignal—we observe these behaviors of theirs and see that it sets them apart from and above us mere mortals. But they may not be engaging in these activities primarily for the purpose of setting themselves above us. If rationalist polyamory is a countersignal, that doesn’t mean that sending this countersignal is the primary motivation of rationalists being polyamorous. It’s a side effect.
And so an explanation for a shift away from exemplary behavior among the upper class might be that they simply feel less of a sense of social responsibility. They know how to manage a polyamorous lifestyle, post edgy comments on Twitter and get away with it, or commit tax fraud without going to jail, just like upper class people have always known how to do (please do take a moment to imagine Benjamin Franklin’s Twitter account). But something happened at some point that made the rich feel less of a sense of responsibility to eschew these activities, or at least hide them from the prying eyes of the less capable.
If I had to guess, it might have to do with the media and freedom of the press? We have a professional class dedicated to “exposing scandal,” by which I mean “putting the wild behaviors of the upper class on public display.” It has also constructed a stereotype of what upper class behavior is like that might be very different from actual upper class norms.
Basically, rich people are less able to hide bad behavior in the modern era. As such, those engaging in it have less incentive to hide it. If they feel they can’t hide it, they may even look for opportunities to flaunt it. This is more attention-grabbing, so it gets increasing press coverage. Any rich people who were trying to be exemplars see that their self-restraint is no longer being broadcast as an example to the poor. So any rich who would prefer to abandon such self-restraint for their own pleasure no longer have an altruistic motive to do otherwise. Only the rich who believe their selfish interest is attached to self-restraint will continue to demonstrate such behaviors (think Warren Buffett, whose legendary self-restraint is part of what makes him a trustworthy executive and is his identity as a public figure).
Take away people’s ability to control their public image, and their incentive to do so, and guess what? They’ll stop trying!
I guess there is a continuum between “I am doing this because I genuinely enjoy it, and as a side effect it also sets me apart from those who can’t afford it” and “I actually hate this; the only good thing is that it sets me apart from the losers”. Even different people from the same social class may be at different positions—for both of them it is a symbol of their social class, but one of them likes it, and the other hates it.
Take away people’s ability to control their public image, and their incentive to do so, and guess what? They’ll stop trying!
Thank you! I would want Robin Hanson and Theodore Dalrymple to sit down and write a book together on the topic of how signaling battles between people near the top of the social ladder influence perceptions of people below them. Because that’s where the idea comes from—I was recently reading Life at the Bottom (a collection of Dalrymple’s essays), where among other things he laments the fact that in the past, educated and successful people acted as role models for the aspiring lower-class people, while today, it seems like successful people are imitating the dysfunctions of lower class as a fashion statement, which in turn means that the lower class is now left without role models, so even those who aspire to do better, often don’t know how.
And while reading your article, it clicked to me… the answer to Dalrymple’s question is counter-signaling, obviously. But the missing part of the puzzle is: why now, and not in the past? I can only guess:
Maybe the reason is that the educated/successful class has increased in size, so while in the past they were mostly busy signaling that as a group they are different from the less successful, these days there is a pressure to signal intra-group distinctions. “I am so super-successful, I don’t even need the approval of the normal-successful ones, and I can flout their norms” is a way to countersignal.
Or maybe in the past the educated elites and the common folks lived closer to each other physically (the same small cities; different roles in the same jobs), so there was a pressure to distinguish themselves behaviorally (discuss different topics, enjoy different culture). These days the physical bubbles are quite strong (if you are educated, almost everyone you talk to is educated; if you are a programmer at Google, there are probably also some janitors working there, but you are unlikely to interact with them, and most likely they are technically employed by a different company), but we have mass culture (movies, internet) that appeals to both the poor and the rich; which makes countersignaling a more salient option and a safer thing to do.
But this is just my speculation; I don’t have enough data to distinguish between these options; and maybe I overlooked something else that is even more important.
Also, sometimes it could be just the plain old costly signaling: I do this thing, because it is nice and I can afford it, but if you try to copy me, it will probably ruin you. For example, polyamory… it is an attractive idea if you are financially secure and good at using contraception, so the outcome “I got pregnant, the guy who made me pregnant left me for his new girlfriend, and now both me and my child are starving” is unlikely (a typical bad outcome is a broken heart; in extreme case, becoming a single parent but without literally starving). But you don’t want poor people to get the idea “worrying about marriage is stupid, look at the rationalists in the Bay Area, they don’t need it either”, if in their case, marriage seems statistically like a good protection from the worst poverty. (By the way, I am not really sure where exactly is the line between costly signaling and countersignaling.)
I’d reframe this slightly. First of all, I want to think of signaling as less something you do on purpose as the primary goal of your action, and more as a side effect of an action you take for other reasons. If I eat frozen TV dinners every night, the reason I eat those dinners is because I’m hungry. But for anyone observing this diet of mine, it’s also a signal that I don’t know how to cook (or am too busy to cook). Nevertheless, I’m not eating these frozen TV dinners as some sort of statement about my schedule or my capabilities in the kitchen.
Similarly, let’s say the rich are, as Dalrymple claims, imitating the dysfunctions of the lower class. This might serve as a countersignal—we observe these behaviors of theirs and see that it sets them apart from and above us mere mortals. But they may not be engaging in these activities primarily for the purpose of setting themselves above us. If rationalist polyamory is a countersignal, that doesn’t mean that sending this countersignal is the primary motivation of rationalists being polyamorous. It’s a side effect.
And so an explanation for a shift away from exemplary behavior among the upper class might be that they simply feel less of a sense of social responsibility. They know how to manage a polyamorous lifestyle, post edgy comments on Twitter and get away with it, or commit tax fraud without going to jail, just like upper class people have always known how to do (please do take a moment to imagine Benjamin Franklin’s Twitter account). But something happened at some point that made the rich feel less of a sense of responsibility to eschew these activities, or at least hide them from the prying eyes of the less capable.
If I had to guess, it might have to do with the media and freedom of the press? We have a professional class dedicated to “exposing scandal,” by which I mean “putting the wild behaviors of the upper class on public display.” It has also constructed a stereotype of what upper class behavior is like that might be very different from actual upper class norms.
Basically, rich people are less able to hide bad behavior in the modern era. As such, those engaging in it have less incentive to hide it. If they feel they can’t hide it, they may even look for opportunities to flaunt it. This is more attention-grabbing, so it gets increasing press coverage. Any rich people who were trying to be exemplars see that their self-restraint is no longer being broadcast as an example to the poor. So any rich who would prefer to abandon such self-restraint for their own pleasure no longer have an altruistic motive to do otherwise. Only the rich who believe their selfish interest is attached to self-restraint will continue to demonstrate such behaviors (think Warren Buffett, whose legendary self-restraint is part of what makes him a trustworthy executive and is his identity as a public figure).
Take away people’s ability to control their public image, and their incentive to do so, and guess what? They’ll stop trying!
I guess there is a continuum between “I am doing this because I genuinely enjoy it, and as a side effect it also sets me apart from those who can’t afford it” and “I actually hate this; the only good thing is that it sets me apart from the losers”. Even different people from the same social class may be at different positions—for both of them it is a symbol of their social class, but one of them likes it, and the other hates it.
Makes sense.