Rob: In practice there is a HUGE difference. If you behave morally when no0one is watching you, new information doesn’t threaten your moral foundations, as your morality is grounded in your preferences. If you believe that you are always being watched then your moral behavior will be grounded in supposed facts about the world. In this case, evidence that undermines your belief in those facts undermines your morality, leading in the direction of Nietzsche’s “total eclipse of all values” as the inevitable consequence of the “twilight of the idols”.
There are also important practical consequences to following orders as opposed to acting from one’s own initiative. Psychologically, the former will create resentment and dissatisfaction while the latter will not. The latter will favor initiative, and active pursuit of the best satisfaction of one’s (hopefully ethical) desires, while the former will focus only on satisfying some perceived standard of acceptability, which implies, among other things, not seeking out better third alternatives when presented with a false dilemma and evidence that one flawed alternative is considered to be permissible. Actions “above the call of duty” depend entirely upon self-driven internalized ethics.
Rob: In practice there is a HUGE difference. If you behave morally when no0one is watching you, new information doesn’t threaten your moral foundations, as your morality is grounded in your preferences. If you believe that you are always being watched then your moral behavior will be grounded in supposed facts about the world. In this case, evidence that undermines your belief in those facts undermines your morality, leading in the direction of Nietzsche’s “total eclipse of all values” as the inevitable consequence of the “twilight of the idols”.
There are also important practical consequences to following orders as opposed to acting from one’s own initiative. Psychologically, the former will create resentment and dissatisfaction while the latter will not. The latter will favor initiative, and active pursuit of the best satisfaction of one’s (hopefully ethical) desires, while the former will focus only on satisfying some perceived standard of acceptability, which implies, among other things, not seeking out better third alternatives when presented with a false dilemma and evidence that one flawed alternative is considered to be permissible. Actions “above the call of duty” depend entirely upon self-driven internalized ethics.
See also Kohlberg.