To use computers effectively, you don’t need to learn a lot about particular programs and features. Learn the near-universal rules of computing and common interface designs. The details are readily inferred.
The rules also apply to things beyond what you might think of as “computers”. Smartphones are computers.
Here are some of those rules to demonstrate the technique, and to help you learn it.
How computers use numbers
Computers have limited memory, so they represent a number with (usually) a tiny amount of memory. Often, that amount is 16, 32, or 64 bits. In case that’s meaningless to you: that means each number can only be one of a limited set of values. 66 thousand, 4.3 billion, 18 quintillion options, respectively, for those sizes.
If what you do introduces huge or precise numbers, at some point along the path of size or precision, the program doesn’t handle the numbers quite as well, or, in some cases, breaks.
If you try to make the number too big, it’s handled with less precision than you expect. For a clear example of this: try putting 10^20 + 999 in a calculator. Some calculators are forced to round it to 10^20, no 999.
If you try to make the number too precise, the little details will be cut off and won’t help.
Quadratic scaling
Some things in computing, such as images or link-networks, have an inherent scale proportional to the square of the obvious variable. An image has around many pixels as the square of its width. A link-network has around half as many potential links as the square of the items it can link. The square of number grows much faster than the original number. Doubling the original quadruples the square.
Typical units are based around the byte (representing one character, at least in English plaintext), and extend it to the kilobyte/KB, megabyte/MB, gigabyte/GB, and terabyte/TB. Those last terms, respectively, mean 1 000, 1 000 000, 1 000 000 000, and 1 000 000 000 000 bytes, each one a thousand times the last. Sometimes (for good reason) the factor each time is instead the nearby 1 024: 1 024, 1 048 576, 1 073 741 824, 1 099 511 627 776.
The size of a file (or file-equivalent dataset) gives a hint as to how long it’ll take to process. On machines of the 2010s, for straightforward operations (transferring, searching, reformatting, etc):
a kilobyte is tiny, processed in a small fraction of a second
a megabyte is considerable, but not huge, processed in around a second
a gigabyte is huge, processed in minutes
a terabyte is gargantuan, processed in days
Of course, the time an operation takes varies depending on what exactly you’re doing. Some are a bit simpler and can be done faster than what I’ve listed. Many tasks are much more complex and can take far longer. A few don’t really depend on the size of the data.
Why tasks get stuck
If something you run on a computer doesn’t finish after a long wait, and doesn’t show an error:
Consider the size of its task (see previous section). If practical, try doing the same thing with a much smaller file, to see if it’s a matter of data size or something else. Evaluate if the time taken really exceeds what you should expect.
Consider if there’s an unavailable resource it might be waiting for. Network connections are the first that come to mind.
It is distressingly common for programs to get stuck sith they enter an accidental infinite loop.
Autocompletion
Many systems that expect you to enter somewhat-predictable text (writing with real words, filenames, usernames, etc) have a way to help you with that. Sometimes it displays automatically and you just have to select it, often with arrow-keys and Enter. Sometimes you have to trigger it, often with Tab.
Principles of filesystems
learn a way to access it reliably (e.g. Explorer on Windows — File, not Internet, Finder on MacOS, Nautilus or “Files” or the terminal or something-else-there-are-so-many-options on Linux)
rename files and folders/directories whenever it can help (you can observe a lot just by right-clicking)
do not use spaces in filenames; it complicates things
file extensions aren’t that important. They’re a prominent hint to the users about what the file contains, but they can be misleading, and you can (usually) change them without breaking anything.
meaning lies not in the file but in the file-interpretation combo (i.e. a file is only useful so far as you can open it correctly)
if there’s no file extension or only an obscure one, and/or the file is small, it’s probably plaintext
Configuration files
Many programs (especially the more complex ones) have configuration files associated with them. All of the following are often, but far from always, the case about configuration files:
the file is plaintext
“conf” or “config” or “prefs” or “preferences” or “settings” or “options” or … (you get the idea) is in the filename
the file is in the same directory as the program itself. You can usually find that directory by searching in your file manager for the program name.
To use computers well, learn their rules
Link post
To use computers effectively, you don’t need to learn a lot about particular programs and features. Learn the near-universal rules of computing and common interface designs. The details are readily inferred.
The rules also apply to things beyond what you might think of as “computers”. Smartphones are computers.
Here are some of those rules to demonstrate the technique, and to help you learn it.
How computers use numbers
Computers have limited memory, so they represent a number with (usually) a tiny amount of memory. Often, that amount is 16, 32, or 64 bits. In case that’s meaningless to you: that means each number can only be one of a limited set of values. 66 thousand, 4.3 billion, 18 quintillion options, respectively, for those sizes.
If what you do introduces huge or precise numbers, at some point along the path of size or precision, the program doesn’t handle the numbers quite as well, or, in some cases, breaks.
If you try to make the number too big, it’s handled with less precision than you expect. For a clear example of this: try putting 10^20 + 999 in a calculator. Some calculators are forced to round it to 10^20, no 999.
If you try to make the number too precise, the little details will be cut off and won’t help.
Quadratic scaling
Some things in computing, such as images or link-networks, have an inherent scale proportional to the square of the obvious variable. An image has around many pixels as the square of its width. A link-network has around half as many potential links as the square of the items it can link. The square of number grows much faster than the original number. Doubling the original quadruples the square.
The more detailed study of matters like these is computational complexity.
The size of data
Typical units are based around the byte (representing one character, at least in English plaintext), and extend it to the kilobyte/KB, megabyte/MB, gigabyte/GB, and terabyte/TB. Those last terms, respectively, mean 1 000, 1 000 000, 1 000 000 000, and 1 000 000 000 000 bytes, each one a thousand times the last. Sometimes (for good reason) the factor each time is instead the nearby 1 024: 1 024, 1 048 576, 1 073 741 824, 1 099 511 627 776.
The size of a file (or file-equivalent dataset) gives a hint as to how long it’ll take to process. On machines of the 2010s, for straightforward operations (transferring, searching, reformatting, etc):
a kilobyte is tiny, processed in a small fraction of a second
a megabyte is considerable, but not huge, processed in around a second
a gigabyte is huge, processed in minutes
a terabyte is gargantuan, processed in days
Of course, the time an operation takes varies depending on what exactly you’re doing. Some are a bit simpler and can be done faster than what I’ve listed. Many tasks are much more complex and can take far longer. A few don’t really depend on the size of the data.
Why tasks get stuck
If something you run on a computer doesn’t finish after a long wait, and doesn’t show an error:
Consider the size of its task (see previous section). If practical, try doing the same thing with a much smaller file, to see if it’s a matter of data size or something else. Evaluate if the time taken really exceeds what you should expect.
Consider if there’s an unavailable resource it might be waiting for. Network connections are the first that come to mind.
It is distressingly common for programs to get stuck sith they enter an accidental infinite loop.
Autocompletion
Many systems that expect you to enter somewhat-predictable text (writing with real words, filenames, usernames, etc) have a way to help you with that. Sometimes it displays automatically and you just have to select it, often with arrow-keys and Enter. Sometimes you have to trigger it, often with Tab.
Principles of filesystems
learn a way to access it reliably (e.g. Explorer on Windows — File, not Internet, Finder on MacOS, Nautilus or “Files” or the terminal or something-else-there-are-so-many-options on Linux)
rename files and folders/directories whenever it can help (you can observe a lot just by right-clicking)
do not use spaces in filenames; it complicates things
file extensions aren’t that important. They’re a prominent hint to the users about what the file contains, but they can be misleading, and you can (usually) change them without breaking anything.
meaning lies not in the file but in the file-interpretation combo (i.e. a file is only useful so far as you can open it correctly)
if there’s no file extension or only an obscure one, and/or the file is small, it’s probably plaintext
Configuration files
Many programs (especially the more complex ones) have configuration files associated with them. All of the following are often, but far from always, the case about configuration files:
the file is plaintext
“conf” or “config” or “prefs” or “preferences” or “settings” or “options” or … (you get the idea) is in the filename
the file is in the same directory as the program itself. You can usually find that directory by searching in your file manager for the program name.
Principles of the web
URLs like https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URL or https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dQw4w9WgXcQ break down as
scheme (
https:), which picks the general method by which the program accesses itdomain (
en.wikipedia.org,www.youtube.com), which indicates the server with which to communicatepath (
/wiki/URL,/watch), which is like a file-path to locate something on the serverquery (N/A,
v=dQw4w9WgXcQ), which the server receives to control what aspect of the file to givewebpages consist of
HTML (pure content, but sometimes effectively nothing in poor designs)
CSS (styling and sometimes behaviour)
JavaScript (behaviour, and sometimes content)
there are six main ways for something you do on the web to fail
the domain name doesn’t correspond to an IP address (a number representing a computer on the internet)
your computer can’t connect to your router (this is the job of WiFi and Ethernet)
your router can’t connect to the server (this is the job of “the internet” by its strictest