One additional factor that would lead to increasing rates of depression is the rise in sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation leads to poor mental health and is also a result of increased device usage.
Late in 2021, the U.S. Surgeon General released a new advisory on youth mental health, drawing attention to rising rates of depressive symptoms, suicidal ideation, and other mental health issues among young Americans. According to data cited in the advisory, up to one in five U.S. children aged 3 to 17 had a reported mental, emotional, developmental, or behavioral disorder. Many of these worrying conditions predated the COVID-19 pandemic, which worsened mental health for many young people by disrupting their routines, limiting their social interactions, and increasing stress about the health of loved ones.
These trends in youth mental health can be attributed in part to detrimental shifts in young people’s lifestyle over time, including increased academic stress, growing use of digital media, and worsening health habits. And one of the major potential culprits in the latter category is sleep.
According to the CDC, teenagers should sleep between 8–10 hours per 24 hour period. This level of sleep is associated with a number of better physical and mental health outcomes, including lower risk of obesity and fewer problems with attention and behavior. Despite this, less than a quarter of teens report sleeping at least eight hours per day—a number that has fallen significantly over the last decade.
During that same period, teenagers’ nightly sleep dropped sharply: The share of high school students getting the recommended minimum of eight hours of sleep declined from nearly 31% in 2009 to around 22% in 2019.7
Research shows a strong connection between sleep and symptoms of depression. In a 2019 study, Widome and colleagues showed that about one in three students who slept less than six hours per night had a high number of depression symptoms compared with about one in 10 students who got adequate sleep.8 But inadequate sleep is one of many factors affecting teenagers’ mental health.
The rise in sleep-deprived teenagers is a long-term trend, reports Widome. “A lot in our society has changed in the last decade, including more time spent using screens—phones, games, computers—and marketing caffeine drinks to adolescents.” In her 2019 study, teenagers who had inadequate sleep tended to spend twice as much time on devices with screens than their peers and were more likely to use those devices after they went to bed.
As for school daze: I can easily tell a story for how academic stress has risen over the past decade. As college admissions become more selective, top high school students are trying to juggle increasing levels of schoolwork and extracurriculars in order to try to get into a top university. See also NYU Study Examines Top High School Students’ Stress and Coping Mechanisms.
Anecdote: I have ADHD, which went undiagnosed in high school and most of college. Digital media, my poor impulse control, and school/work waking-times all combined to drastically make my overall well-being worse. My ideal day would start at noon, and it rarely happens. My sleep cycle might run on >24 hours, I don’t know at this point but it seems plausible that I’d “drift forward” if left to my own devices.
One additional factor that would lead to increasing rates of depression is the rise in sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation leads to poor mental health and is also a result of increased device usage.
From https://www.ksjbam.com/2022/02/23/states-where-teens-dont-get-enough-sleep/:
https://www.prb.org/resources/more-sleep-could-improve-many-u-s-teenagers-mental-health/:
As for school daze: I can easily tell a story for how academic stress has risen over the past decade. As college admissions become more selective, top high school students are trying to juggle increasing levels of schoolwork and extracurriculars in order to try to get into a top university. See also NYU Study Examines Top High School Students’ Stress and Coping Mechanisms.
Anecdote: I have ADHD, which went undiagnosed in high school and most of college. Digital media, my poor impulse control, and school/work waking-times all combined to drastically make my overall well-being worse. My ideal day would start at noon, and it rarely happens. My sleep cycle might run on >24 hours, I don’t know at this point but it seems plausible that I’d “drift forward” if left to my own devices.